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Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) has emerged as an influential technique, enabling the alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Despite the promising potential of RLHF, how to protect user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jiaming Zhang , Mingxi Lei , Meng Ding , Mengdi Li , Zihang Xiang , Difei Xu , Jinhui Xu , Di Wang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have led to their increased application across various tasks, with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) being a crucial part of their training to align responses with user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Ben Hauptvogel , Malte Ostendorff , Georg Rehm , Sebastian Möller

Reinforcement learning has emerged as a powerful paradigm for post-training large language models (LLMs) to improve reasoning. Approaches like Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yanzhi Zhang , Zhaoxi Zhang , Haoxiang Guan , Yilin Cheng , Yitong Duan , Chen Wang , Yue Wang , Shuxin Zheng , Jiyan He

In offline reinforcement learning (RL), learning from fixed datasets presents a promising solution for domains where real-time interaction with the environment is expensive or risky. However, designing dense reward signals for offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Younghwan Lee , Tung M. Luu , Donghoon Lee , Chang D. Yoo

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) aligns language models with human preferences but is computationally expensive. We explore two approaches that leverage human gaze modeling to enhance RLHF: (1) gaze-aware reward models and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Karim Galliamov , Ivan Titov , Ilya Pershin

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in multimodal understanding, reasoning, and interaction. However, existing MLLMs prevalently suffer from serious hallucination problems, generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Tianyu Yu , Yuan Yao , Haoye Zhang , Taiwen He , Yifeng Han , Ganqu Cui , Jinyi Hu , Zhiyuan Liu , Hai-Tao Zheng , Maosong Sun , Tat-Seng Chua

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is crucial for aligning large language models with human preferences. While recent research has focused on algorithmic improvements, the importance of prompt-data construction has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Wei Shen , Guanlin Liu , Zheng Wu , Ruofei Zhu , Qingping Yang , Chao Xin , Yu Yue , Lin Yan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance on a range of downstream NLP tasks by generating text that closely resembles human writing. However, the ease of achieving this similarity raises concerns from potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Beining Xu , Arkaitz Zubiaga

Large language models (LLMs) based on transformer architectures are typically described through collections of architectural components and training procedures, obscuring their underlying computational structure. This review article…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Vikram Krishnamurthy

Reinforcement learning has seen wide success in finetuning large language models to better align with instructions via human feedback. The so-called algorithm, Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) demonstrates impressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Tianjun Zhang , Fangchen Liu , Justin Wong , Pieter Abbeel , Joseph E. Gonzalez

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) for text generation. In particular, recent LLMs such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 can engage in fluent conversations with users after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Jonathan D. Chang , Kiante Brantley , Rajkumar Ramamurthy , Dipendra Misra , Wen Sun

We apply preference modeling and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) to finetune language models to act as helpful and harmless assistants. We find this alignment training improves performance on almost all NLP evaluations,…

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has become a cornerstone for aligning large language models with human preferences. However, the heterogeneity of human feedback, driven by diverse individual contexts and preferences, poses…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Seong Jin Lee , Will Wei Sun , Yufeng Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) pre-trained on code have recently emerged as the dominant approach to program synthesis. However, these models are trained using next-token prediction, which ignores the syntax and semantics of code. We propose…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Abhinav Jain , Chima Adiole , Swarat Chaudhuri , Thomas Reps , Chris Jermaine

Large language models are typically aligned with human preferences by optimizing $\textit{reward models}$ (RMs) fitted to human feedback. However, human preferences are multi-faceted, and it is increasingly common to derive reward from a…

Accurately aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is crucial for informing fair, economically sound, and statistically efficient decision-making processes. However, we argue that the predominant approach for aligning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-26 Jiancong Xiao , Ziniu Li , Xingyu Xie , Emily Getzen , Cong Fang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) is the most prominent method for Language Model (LM) alignment. However, RLHF is an unstable and data-hungry process that continually requires new high-quality LM-generated data for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Ashutosh Baheti , Ximing Lu , Faeze Brahman , Ronan Le Bras , Maarten Sap , Mark Riedl

Reinforcement Learning (RL) plays an important role in the robotic manipulation domain since it allows self-learning from trial-and-error interactions with the environment. Still, sample efficiency and reward specification seriously limit…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Kun Chu , Xufeng Zhao , Cornelius Weber , Mengdi Li , Stefan Wermter

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values and safety constraints is challenging, especially when objectives like helpfulness, truthfulness, and avoidance of harm conflict. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Xuying Li , Zhuo Li , Yuji Kosuga , Victor Bian

Large Language Models (LLMs) encapsulate an extensive amount of world knowledge, and this has enabled their application in various domains to improve the performance of a variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. This has also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Sina Gholamian , Domingo Huh