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Mathematical reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and is applicable in various fields, including science, engineering, finance, and everyday life. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Pan Lu , Liang Qiu , Wenhao Yu , Sean Welleck , Kai-Wei Chang

Automated reasoning is a key technology in the young but rapidly growing field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Explanability helps build trust in artificial intelligence systems beyond their mere predictive accuracy and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ashlin Iser

This position paper provides a critical but constructive discussion of current practices in benchmarking and evaluative practices in the field of formal reasoning and automated theorem proving. We take the position that open code, open…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Roozbeh Yousefzadeh , Xuenan Cao

Large language models (LLMs) have been used to generate formal proofs of mathematical theorems in proofs assistants such as Lean. However, we often want to optimize a formal proof with respect to various criteria, depending on its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Riyaz Ahuja , Jeremy Avigad , Prasad Tetali , Sean Welleck

Structural proof theory is praised for being a symbolic approach to reasoning and proofs, in which one can define schemas for reasoning steps and manipulate proofs as a mathematical structure. For this to be possible, proof systems must be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Giselle Reis

I propose a system for Automated Theorem Proving in higher order logic using deep learning and eschewing hand-constructed features. Holophrasm exploits the formalism of the Metamath language and explores partial proof trees using a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-11 Daniel Whalen

Automated theorem proving in first-order logic is an active research area which is successfully supported by machine learning. While there have been various proposals for encoding logical formulas into numerical vectors -- from simple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Ibrahim Abdelaziz , Veronika Thost , Maxwell Crouse , Achille Fokoue

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle with complex logical reasoning due to logical inconsistencies and the inherent difficulty of such reasoning. We use Lean, a theorem proving framework, to address these challenges. By formalizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Dongwei Jiang , Marcio Fonseca , Shay B. Cohen

Neurosymbolic artificial intelligence (AI) systems combine neural network and classical symbolic AI mechanisms to exploit the complementary strengths of large scale, generalizable learning and robust, verifiable reasoning. Numerous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Aniruddha Chattopadhyay , Raj Dandekar , Kaushik Roy

Theorem proving in natural mathematical language - the mixture of symbolic and natural language used by humans - plays a central role in mathematical advances and education, and tests aspects of reasoning that are core to intelligence. Yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Sean Welleck , Jiacheng Liu , Ximing Lu , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Yejin Choi

Logical reasoning is a pivotal component in the field of artificial intelligence. Proof planning, particularly in contexts requiring the validation of explanation accuracy, continues to present challenges. The recent advancement of large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ying Su , Mingwen Liu , Zhijiang Guo

Existing approaches to learning to prove theorems focus on particular logics and datasets. In this work, we propose Monte-Carlo simulations guided by reinforcement learning that can work in an arbitrarily specified logic, without any human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Stanisław J. Purgał , Cezary Kaliszyk

The geometry automated theorem proving area distinguishes itself by a large number of specific methods and implementations, different approaches (synthetic, algebraic, semi-synthetic) and different goals and applications (from research in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Nuno Baeta , Pedro Quaresma , Zoltán Kovács

Interactive theorem provers have been used extensively to reason about various software/hardware systems and mathematical theorems. The key challenge when using an interactive prover is finding a suitable sequence of proof steps that will…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-05-15 Thomas Gransden , Neil Walkinshaw , Rajeev Raman

Verification is one of the central tasks in circuit and system design. While simulation and emulation are widely used, complete correctness can only be ensured based on formal proof techniques. But these approaches often have very high run…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Rolf Drechsler

Numerous theorems, such as those in geometry, are often presented in multimodal forms (e.g., diagrams). Humans benefit from visual reasoning in such settings, using diagrams to gain intuition and guide the proof process. Modern Multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Zhitao He , Zongwei Lyu , Dazhong Chen , Dadi Guo , Yi R. Fung

General reasoning represents a long-standing and formidable challenge in artificial intelligence. Recent breakthroughs, exemplified by large language models (LLMs) and chain-of-thought prompting, have achieved considerable success on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 DeepSeek-AI , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Haowei Zhang , Junxiao Song , Peiyi Wang , Qihao Zhu , Runxin Xu , Ruoyu Zhang , Shirong Ma , Xiao Bi , Xiaokang Zhang , Xingkai Yu , Yu Wu , Z. F. Wu , Zhibin Gou , Zhihong Shao , Zhuoshu Li , Ziyi Gao , Aixin Liu , Bing Xue , Bingxuan Wang , Bochao Wu , Bei Feng , Chengda Lu , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chenyu Zhang , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Deli Chen , Dongjie Ji , Erhang Li , Fangyun Lin , Fucong Dai , Fuli Luo , Guangbo Hao , Guanting Chen , Guowei Li , H. Zhang , Han Bao , Hanwei Xu , Haocheng Wang , Honghui Ding , Huajian Xin , Huazuo Gao , Hui Qu , Hui Li , Jianzhong Guo , Jiashi Li , Jiawei Wang , Jingchang Chen , Jingyang Yuan , Junjie Qiu , Junlong Li , J. L. Cai , Jiaqi Ni , Jian Liang , Jin Chen , Kai Dong , Kai Hu , Kaige Gao , Kang Guan , Kexin Huang , Kuai Yu , Lean Wang , Lecong Zhang , Liang Zhao , Litong Wang , Liyue Zhang , Lei Xu , Leyi Xia , Mingchuan Zhang , Minghua Zhang , Minghui Tang , Meng Li , Miaojun Wang , Mingming Li , Ning Tian , Panpan Huang , Peng Zhang , Qiancheng Wang , Qinyu Chen , Qiushi Du , Ruiqi Ge , Ruisong Zhang , Ruizhe Pan , Runji Wang , R. J. Chen , R. L. Jin , Ruyi Chen , Shanghao Lu , Shangyan Zhou , Shanhuang Chen , Shengfeng Ye , Shiyu Wang , Shuiping Yu , Shunfeng Zhou , Shuting Pan , S. S. Li , Shuang Zhou , Shaoqing Wu , Shengfeng Ye , Tao Yun , Tian Pei , Tianyu Sun , T. Wang , Wangding Zeng , Wanjia Zhao , Wen Liu , Wenfeng Liang , Wenjun Gao , Wenqin Yu , Wentao Zhang , W. L. Xiao , Wei An , Xiaodong Liu , Xiaohan Wang , Xiaokang Chen , Xiaotao Nie , Xin Cheng , Xin Liu , Xin Xie , Xingchao Liu , Xinyu Yang , Xinyuan Li , Xuecheng Su , Xuheng Lin , X. Q. Li , Xiangyue Jin , Xiaojin Shen , Xiaosha Chen , Xiaowen Sun , Xiaoxiang Wang , Xinnan Song , Xinyi Zhou , Xianzu Wang , Xinxia Shan , Y. K. Li , Y. Q. Wang , Y. X. Wei , Yang Zhang , Yanhong Xu , Yao Li , Yao Zhao , Yaofeng Sun , Yaohui Wang , Yi Yu , Yichao Zhang , Yifan Shi , Yiliang Xiong , Ying He , Yishi Piao , Yisong Wang , Yixuan Tan , Yiyang Ma , Yiyuan Liu , Yongqiang Guo , Yuan Ou , Yuduan Wang , Yue Gong , Yuheng Zou , Yujia He , Yunfan Xiong , Yuxiang Luo , Yuxiang You , Yuxuan Liu , Yuyang Zhou , Y. X. Zhu , Yanhong Xu , Yanping Huang , Yaohui Li , Yi Zheng , Yuchen Zhu , Yunxian Ma , Ying Tang , Yukun Zha , Yuting Yan , Z. Z. Ren , Zehui Ren , Zhangli Sha , Zhe Fu , Zhean Xu , Zhenda Xie , Zhengyan Zhang , Zhewen Hao , Zhicheng Ma , Zhigang Yan , Zhiyu Wu , Zihui Gu , Zijia Zhu , Zijun Liu , Zilin Li , Ziwei Xie , Ziyang Song , Zizheng Pan , Zhen Huang , Zhipeng Xu , Zhongyu Zhang , Zhen Zhang

Despite recent advances in automating theorem proving in full first-order theories, inductive reasoning still poses a serious challenge to state-of-the-art theorem provers. The reason for that is that in first-order logic induction requires…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Johannes Schoisswohl , Laura Kovács

Recent advances in automated theorem proving use Large Language Models (LLMs) to translate informal mathematical statements into formal proofs. However, informal cues are often ambiguous or lack strict logical structure, making it hard for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shashank Kirtania , Arun Iyer

Automatically generated code is gaining traction recently, owing to the prevalence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Further, the AlphaProof initiative has demonstrated the possibility of using AI for general mathematical reasoning.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Haoxin Tu , Huan Zhao , Yahui Song , Mehtab Zafar , Ruijie Meng , Abhik Roychoudhury