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Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased impressive capabilities in handling straightforward programming tasks. However, their performance tends to falter when confronted with more challenging programming problems. We observe that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jingyao Li , Pengguang Chen , Bin Xia , Hong Xu , Jiaya Jia

Currently, a growing number of mature natural language processing applications make people's life more convenient. Such applications are built by source code - the language in software engineering. However, the applications for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Ahmed Elnaggar , Wei Ding , Llion Jones , Tom Gibbs , Tamas Feher , Christoph Angerer , Silvia Severini , Florian Matthes , Burkhard Rost

While large language models demonstrate remarkable capabilities at task-specific applications through fine-tuning, extending these benefits across diverse languages is essential for broad accessibility. However, effective cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Danni Liu , Jan Niehues

Cross-lingual transfer learning is an important property of multilingual large language models (LLMs). But how do LLMs represent relationships between languages? Every language model has an input layer that maps tokens to vectors. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Andrea W Wen-Yi , David Mimno

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) can process many languages, yet how they internally represent this diversity remains unclear. Do they form shared multilingual representations with language-specific decoding, and if so, why does…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Abir Harrasse , Florent Draye , Punya Syon Pandey , Zhijing Jin , Bernhard Schölkopf

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in code generation. However, in the factory automation sector, particularly motion control, manual programming, alongside inefficient and unsafe debugging practices,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yin Li , Liangwei Wang , Shiyuan Piao , Boo-Ho Yang , Ziyue Li , Wei Zeng , Fugee Tsung

Intermediate step methodologies like chain of thoughts (COT) have demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on code generation. This study explores the utilization of intermediate languages,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Xun Deng , Sicheng Zhong , Honghua Dong , Jingyu Hu , Sidi Mohamed Beillahi , Xujie Si , Fan Long

Practical guidance on training Large Language Models (LLMs) to leverage Code Interpreter across diverse tasks remains lacking. We present R1-Code-Interpreter, an extension of a text-only LLM trained via multi-turn supervised fine-tuning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yongchao Chen , Yueying Liu , Junwei Zhou , Yilun Hao , Jingquan Wang , Yang Zhang , Na Li , Chuchu Fan

The advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has greatly accelerated the development of applications in understanding integrated texts and images. Recent works leverage image-caption datasets to train MLLMs, achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Mingxu Tao , Quzhe Huang , Kun Xu , Liwei Chen , Yansong Feng , Dongyan Zhao

Current research on large language models (LLMs) with retrieval-augmented code generation (RACG) has largely focused on single-language settings, leaving their cross-lingual effectiveness underexplored. Multilingual RACG systems are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Qiming Zhu , Jialun Cao , Xuanang Chen , Weili Zhang , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Shing-Chi Cheung

With the involvement of multiple programming languages in modern software development, cross-lingual code clone detection has gained traction within the software engineering community. Numerous studies have explored this topic, proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Micheline Bénédicte Moumoula , Abdoul Kader Kabore , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé Bissyande

We present CrossTL, a universal programming language translator enabling bidirectional translation between multiple languages through a unified intermediate representation called CrossGL. Traditional approaches require separate translators…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Nripesh Niketan , Vaatsalya Shrivastva

Many software projects implement APIs and algorithms in multiple programming languages. Maintaining such projects is tiresome, as developers have to ensure that any change (e.g., a bug fix or a new feature) is being propagated, timely and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Jiyang Zhang , Pengyu Nie , Junyi Jessy Li , Milos Gligoric

Studies show that large language models (LLMs) produce buggy code translations. One promising avenue to improve translation accuracy is through intermediate representations, which provide structured guidance for the translation process. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Chi-en Amy Tai , Pengyu Nie , Lukasz Golab , Alexander Wong

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has marked a significant milestone in the realm of artificial intelligence, with their capabilities often matching or surpassing human expertise in various domains. Among these achievements, their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Rabimba Karanjai , Lei Xu , Weidong Shi

The capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in code generation have been extensively studied, particularly for implementing target functionalities from natural-language descriptions. Alternatively, input-output (I/O) examples provide…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yingjie Fu , Bozhou Li , Linyi Li , Wentao Zhang , Tao Xie

Programmers increasingly rely on Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation. However, misalignment between programmers' goals and generated code complicates the code evaluation process and demands frequent switching between prompt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Ryan Yen , Jiawen Zhu , Sangho Suh , Haijun Xia , Jian Zhao

We present a multi-level quantum-classical intermediate representation (IR) that enables an optimizing, retargetable, ahead-of-time compiler for available quantum programming languages. To demonstrate our architecture, we leverage our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-02 Thien Nguyen , Alexander McCaskey

Automating the transformation of user interface (UI) designs into front-end code holds significant promise for accelerating software development and democratizing design workflows. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yilei Jiang , Yaozhi Zheng , Yuxuan Wan , Jiaming Han , Qunzhong Wang , Michael R. Lyu , Xiangyu Yue

The capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly evolved, extending from natural language processing to complex tasks like code understanding and generation. We expand the scope of LLMs' capabilities to a broader context,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Chenyang Lyu , Lecheng Yan , Rui Xing , Wenxi Li , Younes Samih , Tianbo Ji , Longyue Wang