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Prompt tuning has become a new paradigm for model tuning and it has demonstrated success in natural language pretraining and even vision pretraining. In this work, we explore the transfer of prompt tuning to multimodal pretraining, with a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Hao Yang , Junyang Lin , An Yang , Peng Wang , Chang Zhou , Hongxia Yang

We investigate whether prompts learned independently for different tasks can be later combined through prompt algebra to obtain a model that supports composition of tasks. We consider Visual Language Models (VLM) with prompt tuning as our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Pramuditha Perera , Matthew Trager , Luca Zancato , Alessandro Achille , Stefano Soatto

A well-engineered prompt can increase the performance of large language models; automatic prompt optimization techniques aim to increase performance without requiring human effort to tune the prompts. One leading class of prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Daniel Melcer , Qi Chen , Wen-Hao Chiang , Shweta Garg , Pranav Garg , Christian Bock

Large language Models (LLMs) are highly sensitive to variations in prompt formulation, which can significantly impact their ability to generate accurate responses. In this paper, we introduce a new task, Prompt Sensitivity Prediction, and a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Amirhossein Razavi , Mina Soltangheis , Negar Arabzadeh , Sara Salamat , Morteza Zihayat , Ebrahim Bagheri

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on many different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Prompt engineering plays a key role in adding more to the already existing abilities of LLMs to achieve significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shubham Vatsal , Harsh Dubey

An interesting behavior in large language models (LLMs) is prompt sensitivity. When provided with different but semantically equivalent versions of the same prompt, models may produce very different distributions of answers. This suggests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kyle Cox , Jiawei Xu , Yikun Han , Rong Xu , Tianhao Li , Chi-Yang Hsu , Tianlong Chen , Walter Gerych , Ying Ding

The rise of foundation models has shifted focus from resource-intensive fine-tuning to prompt engineering, a paradigm that steers model behavior through input design rather than weight updates. While manual prompt engineering faces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Wenwu Li , Xiangfeng Wang , Wenhao Li , Bo Jin

In recent years, prompting has quickly become one of the standard ways of steering the outputs of generative machine learning models, due to its intuitive use of natural language. In this work, we propose a system conditioned on embeddings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Thomas Bott , Florian Lux , Ngoc Thang Vu

With growing capabilities of large language models, prompting them has become the dominant way to access them. This has motivated the development of strategies for automatically selecting effective language prompts. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Lingfeng Shen , Weiting Tan , Boyuan Zheng , Daniel Khashabi

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exceptional language generation capabilities in response to text-based prompts. However, controlling the direction of generation via textual prompts has been challenging, especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Rohan Deepak Ajwani , Zining Zhu , Jonathan Rose , Frank Rudzicz

We propose a method that represents language models by log-likelihood vectors over prompt-response pairs and constructs model maps for comparing their conditional distributions. In this space, distances between models approximate the KL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yusuke Takase , Momose Oyama , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

This comprehensive review delves into the pivotal role of prompt engineering in unleashing the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), from its inception in the 1950s to the emergence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Banghao Chen , Zhaofeng Zhang , Nicolas Langrené , Shengxin Zhu

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the evolution of prompt engineering and generation in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Starting from the early language models and information retrieval systems, we trace the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Golam Md Muktadir

Prompting is one of the main ways to adapt a pretrained model to target tasks. Besides manually constructing prompts, many prompt optimization methods have been proposed in the literature. Method development is mainly empirically driven,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Tim Genewein , Li Kevin Wenliang , Jordi Grau-Moya , Anian Ruoss , Laurent Orseau , Marcus Hutter

Pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) have shown remarkable generalization capabilities via prompting, which leverages VLMs as knowledge bases to extract information beneficial for downstream tasks. However, existing methods primarily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Xiaoyu Qiu , Hao Feng , Yuechen Wang , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

We explore how generating a chain of thought -- a series of intermediate reasoning steps -- significantly improves the ability of large language models to perform complex reasoning. In particular, we show how such reasoning abilities emerge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Jason Wei , Xuezhi Wang , Dale Schuurmans , Maarten Bosma , Brian Ichter , Fei Xia , Ed Chi , Quoc Le , Denny Zhou

Pre-trained vision-language models are able to interpret visual concepts and language semantics. Prompt learning, a method of constructing prompts for text encoders or image encoders, elicits the potentials of pre-trained models and readily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Zhenhan Huang , Tejaswini Pedapati , Pin-Yu Chen , Jianxi Gao

Language-Image Pre-training has demonstrated promising results on zero-shot and few-shot downstream tasks by prompting visual models with natural language prompts. However, most recent studies only use a single prompt for tuning, neglecting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jiaxin Ge , Hongyin Luo , Siyuan Qian , Yulu Gan , Jie Fu , Shanghang Zhang

Highly effective, task-specific prompts are often heavily engineered by experts to integrate detailed instructions and domain insights based on a deep understanding of both instincts of large language models (LLMs) and the intricacies of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Xinyuan Wang , Chenxi Li , Zhen Wang , Fan Bai , Haotian Luo , Jiayou Zhang , Nebojsa Jojic , Eric P. Xing , Zhiting Hu

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have sparked growing interest in integrating language-driven techniques into trajectory prediction. By leveraging their semantic and reasoning capabilities, LLMs are reshaping how autonomous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yi Xu , Ruining Yang , Yitian Zhang , Jianglin Lu , Mingyuan Zhang , Yizhou Wang , Lili Su , Yun Fu
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