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We develop a method for training neural networks on Boolean data in which the values at all nodes are strictly $\pm 1$, and the resulting models are typically equivalent to networks whose nonzero weights are also $\pm 1$. The method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Veit Elser , Manish Krishan Lal

In this work we investigate into energy complexity, a Boolean function measure related to circuit complexity. Given a circuit $\mathcal{C}$ over the standard basis $\{\vee_2,\wedge_2,\neg\}$, the energy complexity of $\mathcal{C}$, denoted…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Xiaoming Sun , Yuan Sun , Kewen Wu , Zhiyu Xia

The approximate degree of a Boolean function $f(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n})$ is the minimum degree of a real polynomial that approximates $f$ pointwise within $1/3$. Upper bounds on approximate degree have a variety of applications in…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Alexander A. Sherstov

$ \newcommand{\cclass}[1]{{\normalfont\textsf{##1}}} $We show average-case lower bounds for explicit Boolean functions against bounded-depth threshold circuits with a superlinear number of wires. We show that for each integer $d > 1$, there…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Ruiwen Chen , Rahul Santhanam , Srikanth Srinivasan

Chang's lemma (Duke Mathematical Journal, 2002) is a classical result with applications across several areas in mathematics and computer science. For a Boolean function $f$ that takes values in {-1,1} let $r(f)$ denote its Fourier rank. For…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Sourav Chakraborty , Nikhil S. Mande , Rajat Mittal , Tulasimohan Molli , Manaswi Paraashar , Swagato Sanyal

In this paper we study the separation between the deterministic (classical) query complexity ($D$) and the exact quantum query complexity ($Q_E$) of several Boolean function classes using the parity decision tree method. We first define the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-07 Chandra Sekhar Mukherjee , Subhamoy Maitra

In this paper, we introduce the hybrid query complexity, denoted as $\mathrm{Q}(f;q)$, which is the minimal query number needed to compute $f$, when a classical decision tree is allowed to call $q'$-query quantum subroutines for any $q'\leq…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Xiaoming Sun , Yufan Zheng

In this paper, we consider bounded width circuits and nondeterministic circuits in three somewhat new directions. In the first part of this paper, we mainly consider bounded width circuits. The main purpose of this part is to prove that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Hiroki Morizumi

We give new quantum algorithms for evaluating composed functions whose inputs may be shared between bottom-level gates. Let $f$ be an $m$-bit Boolean function and consider an $n$-bit function $F$ obtained by applying $f$ to conjunctions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-22 Mark Bun , Robin Kothari , Justin Thaler

We prove a new lower bound on the parity decision tree complexity $\mathsf{D}_{\oplus}(f)$ of a Boolean function $f$. Namely, granularity of the Boolean function $f$ is the smallest $k$ such that all Fourier coefficients of $f$ are integer…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Anastasiya Chistopolskaya , Vladimir V. Podolskii

We prove that for every decision tree, the absolute values of the Fourier coefficients of a given order $\ell\geq1$ sum to at most $c^{\ell}\sqrt{\binom{d}{\ell}(1+\log n)^{\ell-1}},$ where $n$ is the number of variables, $d$ is the tree…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Alexander A. Sherstov , Andrey A. Storozhenko , Pei Wu

The minimum number of NOT gates in a Boolean circuit computing a Boolean function is called the inversion complexity of the function. In 1957, A. A. Markov determined the inversion complexity of every Boolean function and proved that…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-09-01 V. V. Kochergin , A. V. Mikhailovich

Given a classical query algorithm as a decision tree, when does there exist a quantum query algorithm with a speed-up over the classical one? We provide a general construction based on the structure of the underlying decision tree, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-25 Arjan Cornelissen , Nikhil S. Mande , Subhasree Patro

We consider the Stochastic Boolean Function Evaluation (SBFE) problem in the well-studied case of $k$-of-$n$ functions: There are independent Boolean random variables $x_1,\dots,x_n$ where each variable $i$ has a known probability $p_i$ of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mads Anker Nielsen , Lars Rohwedder , Kevin Schewior

We give the first algorithm that maintains an approximate decision tree over an arbitrary sequence of insertions and deletions of labeled examples, with strong guarantees on the worst-case running time per update request. For instance, we…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Marco Bressan , Mauro Sozio

Decision \textsc{dnnf} (a.k.a. $\wedge_d$-\textsc{fbdd}) is an important special case of Decomposable Negation Normal Form (\textsc{dnnf}), a landmark knowledge compilation model. Like other known \textsc{dnnf} restrictions, Decision…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Andrea Calí , Igor Razgon

The depth-weighted tree DWT($f$) with weight function $f:\{0,1,2,\ldots\}\to (0,\infty)$ is a dynamic random tree grown from a root $r$ where vertices arrive consecutively and every new vertex attaches to a parent $u$ with probability…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-18 Lyuben Lichev , Amitai Linker , Bas Lodewijks , Dieter Mitsche

A natural measure of smoothness of a Boolean function is its sensitivity (the largest number of Hamming neighbors of a point which differ from it in function value). The structure of smooth or equivalently low-sensitivity functions is still…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-08-12 Parikshit Gopalan , Noam Nisan , Rocco A. Servedio , Kunal Talwar , Avi Wigderson

We resolve the long-standing open problem of Boolean dynamic data structure hardness, proving an unconditional lower bound of $\Omega((\log n / \log\log n)^2)$ for the Multiphase Problem of Patrascu [STOC 2010] (instantiated with Inner…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Young Kun Ko

We give an adaptive algorithm which tests whether an unknown Boolean function $f\colon \{0, 1\}^n \to\{0, 1\}$ is unate, i.e. every variable of $f$ is either non-decreasing or non-increasing, or $\epsilon$-far from unate with one-sided…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Xi Chen , Erik Waingarten , Jinyu Xie