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The "AI for Science, Energy, and Security" report from DOE outlines a significant focus on developing and optimizing artificial intelligence workflows for a foundational impact on a broad range of DOE missions. With the pervasive usage of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Jae-Won Chung , Nishil Talati , Mosharaf Chowdhury

Automated machine learning (AutoML) strives for the automatic configuration of machine learning algorithms and their composition into an overall (software) solution - a machine learning pipeline - tailored to the learning task (dataset) at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Tanja Tornede , Alexander Tornede , Jonas Hanselle , Marcel Wever , Felix Mohr , Eyke Hüllermeier

Context: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in modern software development, aiding in code generation, code completion, and refactoring through AI-powered assistants. While they accelerate development workflows, they often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Lola Solovyeva , Fernando Castor

The growing use of large machine learning models highlights concerns about their increasing computational demands. While the energy consumption of their training phase has received attention, fewer works have considered the inference phase.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Francisco Durán , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Matias Martinez , Patricia Lago

Advances in natural language processing have resulted in large language models (LLMs) that are capable of generating understandable and sensible written text. Recent versions of these models, such as OpenAI Codex and GPT-3, can generate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Stephen MacNeil , Andrew Tran , Arto Hellas , Joanne Kim , Sami Sarsa , Paul Denny , Seth Bernstein , Juho Leinonen

Machine learning (ML) has seen tremendous advancements, but its environmental footprint remains a concern. Acknowledging the growing environmental impact of ML this paper investigates Green ML, examining various model architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ioannis Mavromatis , Kostas Katsaros , Aftab Khan

As large language models (LLMs) scale in size and adoption, their computational and environmental costs continue to rise. Prior benchmarking efforts have primarily focused on latency reduction in idealized settings, often overlooking the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Jared Fernandez , Clara Na , Vashisth Tiwari , Yonatan Bisk , Sasha Luccioni , Emma Strubell

As the Middle East emerges as a strategic hub for artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure, the feasibility of deploying sustainable datacenters in desert environments has become a topic of growing relevance. This paper presents an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Lara Hassan , Mohamed ElZeftawy , Abdulrahman Mahmoud

As large language models become integral to agentic artificial intelligence systems, their energy demands during inference may pose significant sustainability challenges. This study investigates whether deploying smaller-scale language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Anh Khoa Ngo Ho , Martin Chauvin , Simon Gosset , Philippe Cordier , Boris Gamazaychikov

Assisting LLMs with code generation improved their performance on mathematical reasoning tasks. However, the evaluation of code-assisted LLMs is generally restricted to execution correctness, lacking a rigorous evaluation of their generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Zena Al-Khalili , Nick Howell , Dietrich Klakow

The availability of vast amounts of publicly accessible data of source code and the advances in modern language models, coupled with increasing computational resources, have led to a remarkable surge in the development of large language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zhou Yang , Jieke Shi , Premkumar Devanbu , David Lo

Non-technical end-users increasingly rely on AI code generation to perform technical tasks like data analysis. However, large language models (LLMs) remain unreliable, and it is unclear whether end-users can effectively identify model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yuvraj Virk , Dongyu Liu

This study examines the impact of GitHub Copilot on a large sample of Copilot users (n=934,533). The analysis shows that users on average accept nearly 30% of the suggested code, leading to increased productivity. Furthermore, our research…

General Economics · Economics 2023-06-28 Thomas Dohmke , Marco Iansiti , Greg Richards

In recent times, large language models (LLMs) have made significant strides in generating computer code, blurring the lines between code created by humans and code produced by artificial intelligence (AI). As these technologies evolve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Marc Oedingen , Raphael C. Engelhardt , Robin Denz , Maximilian Hammer , Wolfgang Konen

Does the choice of programming language affect energy consumption? Previous highly visible studies have established associations between certain programming languages and energy consumption. A causal misinterpretation of this work has led…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Nicolas van Kempen , Hyuk-Je Kwon , Dung Tuan Nguyen , Emery D. Berger

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities, but their widespread deployment and more advanced applications raise critical sustainability challenges, particularly in inference energy consumption. We propose the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Hui Wu , Xiaoyang Wang , Zhong Fan

Nowadays, software is pervasive in our everyday lives. Its sustainability and environmental impact have become major factors to be considered in the development of software systems. Millennials-the newer generation of university…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-06 Damiano Torre , Giuseppe Procaccianti , Davide Fucci , Sonja Lutovac , Giuseppe Scanniello

Large language models (LLMs) are now an integral part of software development workflows and are reshaping the whole process. Traditional technology stack selection has not caught up. Most of the existing selection methods focus solely on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Xiaoyu Zhang , Weipeng Jiang , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Qingshuang Bao , Chenhao Lin , Chao Shen , Tianlin Li , Yang Liu

The rapid proliferation of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools - especially large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT - has ushered in a transformative era in higher education. Universities in developed regions are increasingly…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Russell Beale

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has improved code generation, but most evaluations still test isolated, small-scale code (e.g., a single function) under default or unspecified software environments. As a result, it is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Tongtong Wu , Rongyi Chen , Wenjie Du , Suyu Ma , Guilin Qi , Zhenchang Xing , Shahram Khadivi , Ramesh Periyathambi , Gholamreza Haffari