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We consider a (random permutation model) binary search tree with n nodes and give asymptotics on the loglog scale for the height H_n and saturation level h_n of the tree as n\to\infty, both almost surely and in probability. We then consider…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-02-23 Matthew I. Roberts

Suppose we have n keys, n access probabilities for the keys, and n+1 access probabilities for the gaps between the keys. Let h_min(n) be the minimal height of a binary search tree for n keys. We consider the problem to construct an optimal…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-11-08 Peter Becker

A data structure, called a biased range tree, is presented that preprocesses a set S of n points in R^2 and a query distribution D for 2-sided orthogonal range counting queries. The expected query time for this data structure, when queries…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2008-06-18 Vida Dujmovic , John Howat , Pat Morin

A fringe subtree of a rooted tree is a subtree consisting of one of the nodes and all its descendants. In this paper, we are specifically interested in the number of non-isomorphic trees that appear in the collection of all fringe subtrees…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-09 Louisa Seelbach Benkner , Stephan Wagner

This study is dedicated to precise distributional analyses of the height of non-plane unlabelled binary trees ("Otter trees"), when trees of a given size are taken with equal likelihood. The height of a rooted tree of size $n$ is proved to…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-11-12 Nicolas Broutin , Philippe Flajolet

Binary search trees (BSTs) are one of the most basic and widely used data structures. The best static tree for serving a sequence of queries (searches) can be computed by dynamic programming. In contrast, when the BSTs are allowed to be…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yaniv Sadeh , Haim Kaplan

Path planning in robotics often requires finding high-quality solutions to continuously valued and/or high-dimensional problems. These problems are challenging and most planning algorithms instead solve simplified approximations. Popular…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Jonathan D. Gammell , Timothy D. Barfoot , Siddhartha S. Srinivasa

Often machine learning methods are applied and results reported in cases where there is little to no information concerning accuracy of the output. Simply because a computer program returns a result does not insure its validity. If…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-25 Jerome H. Friedman

An optimal binary search tree for an access sequence on elements is a static tree that minimizes the total search cost. Constructing perfectly optimal binary search trees is expensive so the most efficient algorithms construct almost…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-06-28 Mordecai Golin , John Iacono , Stefan Langerman , J. Ian Munro , Yakov Nekrich

We suggest a new non-recursive algorithm for constructing a binary search tree given an array of numbers. The algorithm has $O(N)$ time and $O(1)$ memory complexity if the given array of $N$ numbers is sorted. The resulting tree is of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Pavel S. Ruzankin

The Greedy binary search tree (BST) algorithm, like the Splay tree, is a prominent candidate for the \emph{dynamic optimality conjecture}. While Greedy satisfies many desirable properties of BST, its cost and analysis to execute a search…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Akash Pareek

The purpose of this paper is to analyze certain statistics of a recently introduced non-uniform random tree model, biased recursive trees. This model is based on constructing a random tree by establishing a correspondence with non-uniform…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-01-16 Ella Hiesmayr , Ümit Işlak

Binary search trees (BSTs) with rotations can adapt to various kinds of structure in search sequences, achieving amortized access times substantially better than the Theta(log n) worst-case guarantee. Classical examples of structural…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-03-17 Parinya Chalermsook , Mayank Goswami , László Kozma , Kurt Mehlhorn , Thatchaphol Saranurak

There are numerous randomized algorithms to generate spanning trees in a given ambient graph; several target the uniform distribution on trees (UST), while in practice the fastest and most frequently used draw random weights on the edges…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Eric Babson , Moon Duchin , Annina Iseli , Pietro Poggi-Corradini , Dylan Thurston , Jamie Tucker-Foltz

The sampling based motion planning algorithm known as Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRT) has gained the attention of many researchers due to their computational efficiency and effectiveness. Recently, a variant of RRT called RRT* has been…

Robotics · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Ahmed Hussain Qureshi , Yasar Ayaz

Tree search is a fundamental tool for planning, as many sequential decision-making problems can be framed as searching over tree-structured spaces. We propose an uncertainty-guided tree search algorithm for settings where the reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Julia Grosse , Ruotian Wu , Ahmad Rashid , Cheng Zhang , Philipp Hennig , Pascal Poupart , Agustinus Kristiadi

There is a deep connection between permutations and trees. Certain sub-structures of permutations, called sub-permutations, bijectively map to sub-trees of binary increasing trees. This opens a powerful tool set to study enumerative and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-07-02 Filippo Disanto , Thomas Wiehe

We give a detailed asymptotic analysis of the profiles of random symmetric digital search trees, which are in close connection with the performance of the search complexity of random queries in such trees. While the expected profiles have…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-09-30 Michael Drmota , Michael Fuchs , Hsien-Kuei Hwang , Ralph Neininger

A reformulation of the path length of binary search trees is given in terms of permutations, allowing to extend the definition to the instance of words, where the letters are obtained by independent geometric random variables (with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Helmut Prodinger

Decision tree learning is a widely used approach in machine learning, favoured in applications that require concise and interpretable models. Heuristic methods are traditionally used to quickly produce models with reasonably high accuracy.…