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The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) agents into web browsers introduces security challenges that go beyond traditional web application threat models. Prior work has identified prompt injection as a new attack vector for web…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Kaiyuan Zhang , Mark Tenenholtz , Kyle Polley , Jerry Ma , Denis Yarats , Ninghui Li

As LLMs are increasingly integrated into systems that browse, retrieve, summarize, and act on web content, webpages have become an untrusted input vector for downstream model behavior. This enables site owners, contributors, and adversaries…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Soheil Khodayari , Xuenan Zhang , Bhupendra Acharya , Giancarlo Pellegrino

Recently, Large Language Model (LLM)-empowered recommender systems (RecSys) have brought significant advances in personalized user experience and have attracted considerable attention. Despite the impressive progress, the research question…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Liang-bo Ning , Shijie Wang , Wenqi Fan , Qing Li , Xin Xu , Hao Chen , Feiran Huang

Following the advancement of large language models (LLMs), the development of LLM-based autonomous agents has become increasingly prevalent. As a result, the need to understand the security vulnerabilities of these agents has become a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Itay Nakash , George Kour , Guy Uziel , Ateret Anaby-Tavor

This work demonstrates that LLM-based web navigation agents offer powerful automation capabilities but are vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) attacks. We show that adversaries can embed universal adversarial triggers in webpage…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Sam Johnson , Viet Pham , Thai Le

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been integrated into many applications (e.g., web agents) to perform more sophisticated tasks. However, LLM-empowered applications are vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) attacks, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yinan Zhong , Qianhao Miao , Yanjiao Chen , Jiangyi Deng , Yushi Cheng , Wenyuan Xu

Recent research has explored that LLM agents are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection (IPI) attacks, where malicious tasks embedded in tool-retrieved information can redirect the agent to take unauthorized actions. Existing defenses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Kaijie Zhu , Xianjun Yang , Jindong Wang , Wenbo Guo , William Yang Wang

Prompt injection attacks manipulate large language models (LLMs) by misleading them to deviate from the original input instructions and execute maliciously injected instructions, because of their instruction-following capabilities and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Yuan Sui , Yufei He , Yue Liu , Yangqiu Song , Bryan Hooi

The strong planning and reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have fostered the development of agent-based systems capable of leveraging external tools and interacting with increasingly complex environments. However, these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zhun Wang , Vincent Siu , Zhe Ye , Tianneng Shi , Yuzhou Nie , Xuandong Zhao , Chenguang Wang , Wenbo Guo , Dawn Song

LLM-integrated applications are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, where an attacker contaminates the input to inject malicious instructions, causing the LLM to follow the attacker's intent instead of the original user's. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Wei Zou , Yupei Liu , Yanting Wang , Ying Chen , Neil Gong , Jinyuan Jia

Large Language Models (LLMs), renowned for their superior proficiency in language comprehension and generation, stimulate a vibrant ecosystem of applications around them. However, their extensive assimilation into various services…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yi Liu , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Kailong Wang , Zihao Wang , Xiaofeng Wang , Tianwei Zhang , Yepang Liu , Haoyu Wang , Yan Zheng , Leo Yu Zhang , Yang Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have gained widespread adoption across diverse applications due to their impressive generative capabilities. Their plug-and-play nature enables both developers and end users to interact with these models through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zongze Li , Jiawei Guo , Haipeng Cai

As large language models (LLMs) become integrated into various sensitive applications, prompt injection, the use of prompting to induce harmful behaviors from LLMs, poses an ever increasing risk. Prompt injection attacks can cause LLMs to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Isaac Wu , Michael Maslowski

Prompt injection attacks can compromise the security and stability of critical systems, from infrastructure to large web applications. This work curates and augments a prompt injection dataset based on the HackAPrompt Playground Submissions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Safwan Shaheer , G. M. Refatul Islam , Mohammad Rafid Hamid , Md. Abrar Faiaz Khan , Md. Omar Faruk , Yaseen Nur

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in real-world applications, they remain vulnerable to prompt injection attacks: malicious third party prompts that subvert the intent of the system designer. To help researchers…

Large Language Model (LLM) based agents integrated into web browsers (often called agentic AI browsers) offer powerful automation of web tasks. However, they are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection attacks, where malicious instructions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Avihay Cohen

This study systematically analyzes the vulnerability of 36 large language models (LLMs) to various prompt injection attacks, a technique that leverages carefully crafted prompts to elicit malicious LLM behavior. Across 144 prompt injection…

LLM agents are highly vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI), where adversaries embed malicious directives in untrusted tool outputs to hijack execution. Most existing defenses treat IPI as an input-level semantic discrimination…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Yu He , Haozhe Zhu , Yiming Li , Shuo Shao , Hongwei Yao , Zhihao Liu , Zhan Qin

Agentic large language model systems increasingly automate tasks by retrieving URLs and calling external tools. We show that this workflow gives rise to implicit prompt injection: adversarial instructions embedded in automatically generated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Qianlong Lan , Anuj Kaul , Shaun Jones , Stephanie Westrum

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly being deployed as conversational assistants capable of performing complex real-world tasks through tool integration. This enhanced ability to interact with external systems and process…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Feiran Jia , Tong Wu , Xin Qin , Anna Squicciarini