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The accuracy of Koopman operator approximations over finite-dimensional spaces relies critically on their invariance properties. These can be rigorously quantified via the principal angles between a candidate subspace and its image under…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-14 Dhruv Shah , Jorge Cortés

Koopman operator is a composition operator defined for a dynamical system described by nonlinear differential or difference equation. Although the original system is nonlinear and evolves on a finite-dimensional state space, the Koopman…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Yoshihiko Susuki , Igor Mezic , Fredrik Raak , Takashi Hikihara

Controlling nonlinear dynamical systems remains a central challenge in a wide range of applications, particularly when accurate first-principle models are unavailable. Data-driven approaches offer a promising alternative by designing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Robin Strässer , Karl Worthmann , Igor Mezić , Julian Berberich , Manuel Schaller , Frank Allgöwer

Koopman operator theory has proven to be a promising approach to nonlinear system identification and global linearization. For nearly a century, there had been no efficient means of calculating the Koopman operator for applied engineering…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-22 Waqas Manzoor , Samir Rawashdeh , Alireza Mohammadi

Over the last few years, several works have proposed deep learning architectures to learn dynamical systems from observation data with no or little knowledge of the underlying physics. A line of work relies on learning representations where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Anthony Frion , Lucas Drumetz , Mauro Dalla Mura , Guillaume Tochon , Abdeldjalil Aissa El Bey

When complex systems with nonlinear dynamics achieve an output performance objective, only a fraction of the state dynamics significantly impacts that output. Those minimal state dynamics can be identified using the differential geometric…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-19 Shara Balakrishnan , Aqib Hasnain , Robert Egbert , Enoch Yeung

Efficient trajectory generation is crucial for autonomous systems; however, current numerical methods often struggle to handle periodic behaviors effectively, particularly when the onboard sensors require equidistant temporal sampling. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-16 Liraz Mudrik , Sean Kragelund , Isaac Kaminer

The Koopman Operator (KO) offers a promising alternative methodology to solve ordinary differential equations analytically. The solution of the dynamical system is analyzed in terms of observables, which are expressed as a linear…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-07-15 Simone Servadio , David Arnas , Richard Linares

The design and analysis of optimal control policies for dynamical systems can be complicated by nonlinear dependence in the state variables. Koopman operators have been used to simplify the analysis of dynamical systems by mapping the flow…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-08-07 Craig Bakker , Steven Rosenthal , Kathleen E. Nowak

This paper addresses the problem of nonlinear state estimation for dynamical systems whose governing equations are approximated through Koopman operator liftings. While Koopman-based predictors have demonstrated broad approximation…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-11 Syed Pouladi

This paper continues in the work from arXiv:1903.06103 [math.OC] where a nonlinear vehicle model was approximated in a purely data-driven manner by a linear predictor of higher order, namely the Koopman operator. The vehicle system…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-09 Vít Cibulka , Milan Korda , Tomáš Haniš , Martin Hromčík

Koopman operators provide a linear framework for data-driven analyses of nonlinear dynamical systems, but their infinite-dimensional nature presents major computational challenges. In this article, we offer an introductory guide to Koopman…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-28 Matthew J. Colbrook , Zlatko Drmač , Andrew Horning

Autonomous driving technologies have received notable attention in the past decades. In autonomous driving systems, identifying a precise dynamical model for motion control is nontrivial due to the strong nonlinearity and uncertainty in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-11 Yongqian Xiao , Xinglong Zhang , Xin Xu , Xueqing Liu , Jiahang Liu

Recently, Koopman operator theory has become a powerful tool for developing linear representations of non-linear dynamical systems. However, existing data-driven applications of Koopman operator theory, including both traditional and deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 King Fai Yeh , Paris Flood , William Redman , Pietro Liò

For dynamical systems involving decision making, the success of the system greatly depends on its ability to make good decisions with incomplete and uncertain information. By leveraging the Koopman operator and its adjoint property, we…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-08-21 Adam R. Gerlach , Andrew Leonard , Jonathan Rogers , Chris Rackauckas

Koopman liftings have been successfully used to learn high dimensional linear approximations for autonomous systems for prediction purposes, or for control systems for leveraging linear control techniques to control nonlinear dynamics. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-16 Haldun Balim , Antoine Aspeel , Zexiang Liu , Necmiye Ozay

The Koopman operator and its data-driven approximations, such as extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD), are widely used for analysing, modelling, and controlling nonlinear dynamical systems. However, when the true Koopman…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-02-05 Roland Schurig , Pieter van Goor , Karl Worthmann , Rolf Findeisen

Koopman operator theory has emerged as a leading data-driven approach that relies on a judicious choice of observable functions to realize global linear representations of nonlinear systems in the lifted observable space. However,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Aditya Singh , Rajpal Singh , Jishnu Keshavan

A popular way to approximate the Koopman operator's action on a finite-dimensional subspace of functions is via orthogonal projections. The quality of the projected model directly depends on the selected subspace, specifically on how close…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-15 Masih Haseli , Jorge Cortés

In this paper, we consider the problem of quantifying controllability and observability of a nonlinear discrete time dynamical system. We introduce the Koopman operator as a canonical representation of the system and apply a lifting…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-09-27 Enoch Yeung , Zhiyuan Liu , Nathan O. Hodas