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Serving large language models (LLMs) efficiently remains challenging due to the high memory and latency overhead of key-value (KV) cache access during autoregressive decoding. We present \textbf{TinyServe}, a lightweight and extensible…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu

LLM serving is increasingly dominated by decode attention, which is a memory-bound operation due to massive KV cache loading from global memory. Meanwhile, real-world workloads exhibit substantial, hierarchical shared prefixes across…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jinjun Yi , Zhixin Zhao , Yitao Hu , Ke Yan , Weiwei Sun , Hao Wang , Laiping Zhao , Yuhao Zhang , Wenxin Li , Keqiu Li

LLM inference latency critically determines user experience and operational costs, directly impacting throughput under SLO constraints. Even brief latency spikes degrade service quality despite acceptable average performance. However,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yin Du , Jiayi Ren , Xiayu Sun , Tianyao Zhou , Haizhu Zhou , Ruiyan Ma , Danyang Zhang

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to Autoregressive Models (ARMs), utilizing parallel decoding to overcome sequential bottlenecks. However, existing research focuses primarily on kernel-level…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Jiakun Fan , Yanglin Zhang , Xiangchen Li , Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos

Inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) across computer clusters has become a focal point of research in recent times, with many acceleration techniques taking inspiration from CPU speculative execution. These techniques reduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Branden Butler , Sixing Yu , Arya Mazaheri , Ali Jannesari

Large language models (LLMs) power many modern applications, but serving them at scale remains costly and resource-intensive. Current server-centric systems overlook consumer-grade GPUs at the edge. We introduce SpecEdge, an edge-assisted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jinwoo Park , Seunggeun Cho , Dongsu Han

LLM inference exhibits substantial variability across queries and execution phases, yet inference configurations are often applied uniformly. We present a measurement-driven characterization of workload heterogeneity and energy-performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Paul Joe Maliakel , Shashikant Ilager , Ivona Brandic

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit pronounced memory-bound characteristics during inference due to High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) bandwidth constraints. In this paper, we propose an L2 Cache-oriented asynchronous KV Cache prefetching method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yanhao Dong , Yubo Miao , Weinan Li , Xiao Zheng , Chao Wang , Jiesheng Wu , Feng Lyu

Recent innovations in generative large language models (LLMs) have made their applications and use-cases ubiquitous. This has led to large-scale deployments of these models, using complex, expensive, and power-hungry AI accelerators, most…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Pratyush Patel , Esha Choukse , Chaojie Zhang , Aashaka Shah , Íñigo Goiri , Saeed Maleki , Ricardo Bianchini

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become more prevalent in long-context applications such as interactive chatbots, document analysis, and agent workflows, but it is challenging to serve long-context requests with low latency and high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Ranajoy Sadhukhan , Jian Chen , Zhuoming Chen , Vashisth Tiwari , Ruihang Lai , Jinyuan Shi , Ian En-Hsu Yen , Avner May , Tianqi Chen , Beidi Chen

With the widespread deployment of long-context large language models (LLMs), there has been a growing demand for efficient support of high-throughput inference. However, as the key-value (KV) cache expands with the sequence length, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Hanshi Sun , Li-Wen Chang , Wenlei Bao , Size Zheng , Ningxin Zheng , Xin Liu , Harry Dong , Yuejie Chi , Beidi Chen

Recent breakthroughs in large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled various generative tasks on a single model. Real-world services (e.g., OpenAI's ChatGPT [27]) powered by an LLM often concurrently support latency-critical requests for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Wan Borui , Zhao Juntao , Jiang Chenyu , Guo Chuanxiong , Wu Chuan

To usher in the next round of client AI innovation, there is an urgent need to enable efficient, lossless inference of high-accuracy large language models (LLMs) and vision language models (VLMs), jointly referred to as xLMs, on client…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Aditya Ukarande , Deep Shekhar , Marc Blackstein , Ram Rangan

The rapid adoption of machine learning (ML) has underscored the importance of serving ML models with high throughput and resource efficiency. Traditional approaches to managing increasing query demands have predominantly focused on hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Sohaib Ahmad , Hui Guan , Ramesh K. Sitaraman

Distributed prefix caching has become a core technique for efficient LLM serving. However, for long-context requests with high cache hit ratios, retrieving reusable KVCache blocks from remote servers has emerged as a new performance…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Weiye Wang , Chen Chen , Junxue Zhang , Zhusheng Wang , Hui Yuan , Zixuan Guan , Xiaolong Zheng , Qizhen Weng , Yin Chen , Minyi Guo

Since local LLM inference on resource-constrained edge devices imposes a severe performance bottleneck, this paper proposes distributed prompt caching to enhance inference performance by cooperatively sharing intermediate processing states…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Hiroki Matsutani , Naoki Matsuda , Naoto Sugiura

Deep learning recommendation models have grown to the terabyte scale. Traditional serving schemes--that load entire models to a single server--are unable to support this scale. One approach to support this scale is with distributed serving,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Michael Lui , Yavuz Yetim , Özgür Özkan , Zhuoran Zhao , Shin-Yeh Tsai , Carole-Jean Wu , Mark Hempstead

Serving numerous users and requests concurrently requires good fairness in Large Language Models (LLMs) serving system. This ensures that, at the same cost, the system can meet the Service Level Objectives (SLOs) of more users , such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Ao Shen , Zhiyao Li , Mingyu Gao

Modern deployment of large language models (LLMs) frequently involves both inference serving and continuous retraining to stay aligned with evolving data and user feedback. Common practices separate these workloads onto distinct servers in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yufei Li , Zexin Li , Yinglun Zhu , Cong Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on customer devices. To support them, current devices are adopting SoCs (System on Chip) with NPUs (Neural Processing Unit) installed. Although high performance is expected, LLM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Jianyu Wei , Qingtao Li , Shijie Cao , Lingxiao Ma , Zixu Hao , Yanyong Zhang , Xiaoyan Hu , Ting Cao