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Network intrusion detection, a well-explored cybersecurity field, has predominantly relied on supervised learning algorithms in the past two decades. However, their limitations in detecting only known anomalies prompt the exploration of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Hamed Fard , Tobias Schalau , Gerhard Wunder

Classic Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) often rely on manual feature engineering to extract meaningful patterns from network traffic data. However, this approach requires domain expertise and runs counter to the widely adopted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Muhammad Usman Butt , Andreas Hotho , Daniel Schlör

A large number of real-world networks include multiple types of nodes and edges. Graph Neural Network (GNN) emerged as a deep learning framework to generate node and graph embeddings for downstream machine learning tasks. However, popular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Ziynet Nesibe Kesimoglu , Serdar Bozdag

This paper explores the applications and challenges of graph neural networks (GNNs) in processing complex graph data brought about by the rapid development of the Internet. Given the heterogeneity and redundancy problems that graph data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Jianjun Wei , Yue Liu , Xin Huang , Xin Zhang , Wenyi Liu , Xu Yan

Self-supervision as an emerging technique has been employed to train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for more transferrable, generalizable, and robust representation learning of images. Its introduction to graph convolutional networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Yuning You , Tianlong Chen , Zhangyang Wang , Yang Shen

Self-supervised learning has shown its promising capability in graph representation learning in recent work. Most existing pre-training strategies usually choose the popular Graph neural networks (GNNs), which can be seen as a special form…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yilin Ding , Zhen Liu , Hao Hao

Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) are essential tools for detecting network attacks and intrusions. While extensive research has explored the use of supervised Machine Learning for attack detection and characterisation, these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Georgios Anyfantis , Pere Barlet-Ros

Unsupervised graph anomaly detection aims at identifying rare patterns that deviate from the majority in a graph without the aid of labels, which is important for a variety of real-world applications. Recent advances have utilized Graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yuanchen Bei , Sheng Zhou , Jinke Shi , Yao Ma , Haishuai Wang , Jiajun Bu

In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have been widely adopted in the representation learning of graph-structured data and provided state-of-the-art performance in various applications such as link prediction, node classification,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Dasol Hwang , Jinyoung Park , Sunyoung Kwon , Kyung-Min Kim , Jung-Woo Ha , Hyunwoo J. Kim

In this paper, we present two novel methods in Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). The first approach, Scattering Transform with E-GraphSAGE (STEG), utilizes the scattering transform to conduct…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Abdeljalil Zoubir , Badr Missaoui

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are among the most powerful tools in deep learning. They routinely solve complex problems on unstructured networks, such as node classification, graph classification, or link prediction, with high accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Maciej Besta , Torsten Hoefler

Graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) aims to transfer the labels of a handful of labeled data to the remaining massive unlabeled data via a graph. As one of the most popular graph-based SSL approaches, the recently proposed Graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Sheng Wan , Shirui Pan , Jian Yang , Chen Gong

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) have been successfully applied to analyze non-grid data, where the classical convolutional neural networks (CNNs) cannot be directly used. One similarity shared by GCNs and CNNs is the requirement of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-04 Qikui Zhu , Bo Du , Pingkun Yan

Graph embedding is an important approach for graph analysis tasks such as node classification and link prediction. The goal of graph embedding is to find a low dimensional representation of graph nodes that preserves the graph information.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Mahsa Ghorbani , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah , Hamid R. Rabiee

Supervised detection of network attacks has always been a critical part of network intrusion detection systems (NIDS). Nowadays, in a pivotal time for artificial intelligence (AI), with even more sophisticated attacks that utilize advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Iakovos-Christos Zarkadis , Christos Douligeris

Despite the success of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) on various applications, GNNs encounter significant performance degradation when the amount of supervision signals, i.e., number of labeled nodes, is limited, which is expected as GNNs are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Junseok Lee , Yunhak Oh , Yeonjun In , Namkyeong Lee , Dongmin Hyun , Chanyoung Park

Graph representation learning has attracted lots of attention recently. Existing graph neural networks fed with the complete graph data are not scalable due to limited computation and memory costs. Thus, it remains a great challenge to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Yizhu Jiao , Yun Xiong , Jiawei Zhang , Yao Zhang , Tianqi Zhang , Yangyong Zhu

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are emerging as a powerful tool for learning from graph-structured data and performing sophisticated inference tasks in various application domains. Although GNNs have been shown to be effective on modest-sized…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Jeongmin Brian Park , Vikram Sharma Mailthody , Zaid Qureshi , Wen-mei Hwu

Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) have progressively shifted from signature-based techniques toward machine learning and, more recently, deep learning methods. Meanwhile, the widespread adoption of encryption has reduced payload…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Abdelkader El Mahdaouy , Issam Ait Yahia , Soufiane Oualil , Ismail Berrada

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful category of learning architecture for handling graph-structured data. However, existing GNNs typically ignore crucial structural characteristics in node-induced subgraphs, which thus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Kaixuan Chen , Shunyu Liu , Tongtian Zhu , Tongya Zheng , Haofei Zhang , Zunlei Feng , Jingwen Ye , Mingli Song