English
Related papers

Related papers: Controlling Cloze-test Question Item Difficulty wi…

200 papers

Cognitive load is key to ensuring an optimal learning experience. However, measuring the cognitive load of educational tasks typically relies on self-report measures which has been criticized by researchers for being subjective. In this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Minghao Cai , Guher Gorgun , Carrie Demmans Epp

Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on multiple-choice tasks differs markedly between symbol-based and cloze-style evaluation formats. The observed discrepancies are systematically attributable to task characteristics: natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Joonhak Lee , Sungmok Jung , Jongyeon Park , Jaejin Lee

Mathematical reasoning serves as a crucial testbed for the intelligence of large language models (LLMs), and math word problems (MWPs) are a popular type of math problems. Most MWP datasets consist of problems containing only the necessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Kaiqi Yang , Hang Li , Yucheng Chu , Zitao Liu , Mi Tian , Hui Liu

The increased use of multiple-choice (MC) questions in introductory-level physics final exams is largely hindered by reservations about its ability to test the broad cognitive domain that is routinely accessed with typical…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-06-16 Aaron D. Slepkov

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a powerful statistical approach for evaluating test items and determining test taker abilities through response analysis. An IRT model that better fits the data leads to more accurate latent trait estimates. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-03 Joakim Wallmark , Maria Josefsson , Marie Wiberg

Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) has proven effective for efficient LLM evaluation on multiple-choice benchmarks, but modern LLM evaluation increasingly relies on generation tasks where outputs are scored continuously rather than marked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Esma Balkır , Alice Pernthaller , Marco Basaldella , José Hernández-Orallo , Nigel Collier

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as proxy students in the development of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) and in piloting test questions. However, to what extent these proxy students accurately emulate the behavior and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 KV Aditya Srivatsa , Kaushal Kumar Maurya , Ekaterina Kochmar

This paper systematically compares different methods of deriving item-level predictions of language models for multiple-choice tasks. It compares scoring methods for answer options based on free generation of responses, various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Polina Tsvilodub , Hening Wang , Sharon Grosch , Michael Franke

Language models (LMs) show state of the art performance for common sense (CS) question answering, but whether this ability implies a human-level mastery of CS remains an open question. Understanding the limitations and strengths of LMs can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Ehsan Qasemi , Lee Kezar , Jay Pujara , Pedro Szekely

The testlet model is a popular statistical approach widely used by researchers and practitioners to address local item dependence (LID), a violation of the local independence assumption in item response theory (IRT) which can cause various…

Applications · Statistics 2018-06-27 Luo Yong

Large language model (LLM) applications, such as ChatGPT, are a powerful tool for online information-seeking (IS) and problem-solving tasks. However, users still face challenges initializing and refining prompts, and their cognitive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Ben Wang , Jiqun Liu , Jamshed Karimnazarov , Nicolas Thompson

The effectiveness of Multimodal Chain-of-Thought (MCoT) prompting is often limited by the use of randomly or manually selected examples. These examples fail to account for both model-specific knowledge distributions and the intrinsic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xinglong Yang , Quan Feng , Zhongying Pan , Xiang Chen , Yu Tian , Wentong Li , Shuofei Qiao , Yuxia Geng , Xingyu Zhao , Sheng-Jun Huang

Effective collaboration requires groups to strategically regulate themselves to overcome challenges. Research has shown that groups may fail to regulate due to differences in members' perceptions of challenges which may benefit from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Wannapon Suraworachet , Jennifer Seon , Mutlu Cukurova

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly adept at managing complex tasks, the evaluation set must keep pace with these advancements to ensure it remains sufficiently discriminative. Item Discrimination (ID) theory, which is widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Fan Lin , Shuyi Xie , Yong Dai , Wenlin Yao , Tianjiao Lang , Zishan Xu , Zhichao Hu , Xiao Xiao , Yuhong Liu , Yu Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) can be used as accessible and intelligent chatbots by constructing natural language queries and directly inputting the prompt into the large language model. However, different prompt' constructions often lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Jinta Weng , Jiarui Zhang , Yue Hu , Daidong Fa , Xiaofeng Xuand , Heyan Huang

We introduce an Item Response Theory (IRT)-based framework to detect and quantify socioeconomic bias in large language models (LLMs) without relying on subjective human judgments. Unlike traditional methods, IRT accounts for item…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Jasmin Wachter , Michael Radloff , Maja Smolej , Katharina Kinder-Kurlanda

Providing example sentences that are diverse and aligned with learners' proficiency levels is essential for fostering effective language acquisition. This study examines the use of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) to produce example…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Enrico Benedetti , Akiko Aizawa , Florian Boudin

Building a shopping product collection has been primarily a human job. With the manual efforts of craftsmanship, experts collect related but diverse products with common shopping intent that are effective when displayed together, e.g.,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Hiun Kim , Jisu Jeong , Kyung-Min Kim , Dongjun Lee , Hyun Dong Lee , Dongpil Seo , Jeeseung Han , Dong Wook Park , Ji Ae Heo , Rak Yeong Kim

This work explores a novel data augmentation method based on Large Language Models (LLMs) for predicting item difficulty and response time of retired USMLE Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) in the BEA 2024 Shared Task. Our approach is based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Ana-Cristina Rogoz , Radu Tudor Ionescu

In this paper, we evaluate the capability of transformer-based language models in making inferences over uncertain text that includes uncertain rules of reasoning. We cover both Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) and generative Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Aliakbar Nafar , Kristen Brent Venable , Parisa Kordjamshidi