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Query rewriting (QR) is an increasingly important technique to reduce customer friction caused by errors in a spoken language understanding pipeline, where the errors originate from various sources such as speech recognition errors,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Zheng Chen , Xing Fan , Yuan Ling , Lambert Mathias , Chenlei Guo

Code-switching (CS) refers to a linguistic phenomenon where a speaker uses different languages in an utterance or between alternating utterances. In this work, we study end-to-end (E2E) approaches to the Mandarin-English code-switching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Zhiping Zeng , Yerbolat Khassanov , Van Tung Pham , Haihua Xu , Eng Siong Chng , Haizhou Li

We focus on the problem of language modeling for code-switched language, in the context of automatic speech recognition (ASR). Language modeling for code-switched language is challenging for (at least) three reasons: (1) lack of available…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Hila Gonen , Yoav Goldberg

Intelligent voice assistants, such as Apple Siri and Amazon Alexa, are widely used nowadays. These task-oriented dialogue systems require a semantic parsing module in order to process user utterances and understand the action to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Daniel Fernández-González

The ability to match pieces of code to their corresponding natural language descriptions and vice versa is fundamental for natural language search interfaces to software repositories. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-perspective…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Rajarshi Haldar , Lingfei Wu , Jinjun Xiong , Julia Hockenmaier

Although large language models (LLMs) show promising potential in code translation, they still struggle to generate accurate translations using the commonly adopted direct code-to-code translation approach, which converts an original…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Songqiang Chen , Congying Xu , Jingyi Chen , Jialun Cao , Jiarong Wu , Shing-Chi Cheung

In multilingual colloquial settings, it is a habitual occurrence to compose expressions of text or speech containing tokens or phrases of different languages, a phenomenon popularly known as code-switching or code-mixing (CMX). We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Lekan Raheem , Maab Elrashid

Recently, there is increasing interest in multilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR) where a speech recognition system caters to multiple low resource languages by taking advantage of low amounts of labeled corpora in multiple…

Automatic evaluation of ST systems is typically performed by comparing translation hypotheses with one or more reference translations. While effective to some extent, this approach inherits the limitation of reference-based evaluation that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Mauro Cettolo , Marco Gaido , Matteo Negri , Sara Papi , Luisa Bentivogli

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) for conversational code-switching speech remains challenging due to the scarcity of realistic, high-quality labeled speech data. This paper explores multilingual text-to-speech (TTS) models as an effective…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Yue Heng Yeo , Yuchen Hu , Shreyas Gopal , Yizhou Peng , Hexin Liu , Eng Siong Chng

Transfer learning from high-resource languages is known to be an efficient way to improve end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) for low-resource languages. Pre-trained or jointly trained encoder-decoder models, however, do not share…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-12 Changhan Wang , Juan Pino , Jiatao Gu

An important and difficult task in code-switched speech recognition is to recognize the language, as lots of words in two languages can sound similar, especially in some accents. We focus on improving performance of end-to-end Automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Yash Sharma , Basil Abraham , Preethi Jyothi

Recently, large pre-trained multilingual speech models have shown potential in scaling Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) to many low-resource languages. Some of these models employ language adapters in their formulation, which helps to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Atharva Kulkarni , Ajinkya Kulkarni , Miguel Couceiro , Hanan Aldarmaki

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in speech generation and recognition, their applications are mainly confined to monolingual scenarios, with limited explorations in code-switched (CS) contexts. In this paper, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Jing Xu , Daxin Tan , Jiaqi Wang , Xiao Chen

The Transformer architecture and transfer learning have marked a quantum leap in natural language processing, improving the state of the art across a range of text-based tasks. This paper examines how these advancements can be applied to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Pasquale Salza , Christoph Schwizer , Jian Gu , Harald C. Gall

Cross-lingual retrieval aims to retrieve relevant text across languages. Current methods typically achieve cross-lingual retrieval by learning language-agnostic text representations in word or sentence level. However, how to learn phrase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Heqi Zheng , Xiao Zhang , Zewen Chi , Heyan Huang , Tan Yan , Tian Lan , Wei Wei , Xian-Ling Mao

Code-Switching (CS) is referred to the phenomenon of alternately using words and phrases from different languages. While today's neural end-to-end (E2E) models deliver state-of-the-art performances on the task of automatic speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Christian Huber , Juan Hussain , Alexander Waibel

Training a code-switching end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) model normally requires a large amount of data, while code-switching data is often limited. In this paper, three novel approaches are proposed for code-switching data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Chenpeng Du , Hao Li , Yizhou Lu , Lan Wang , Yanmin Qian

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on text-only data that go far beyond the languages with paired speech and text data. At the same time, Dual Encoder (DE) based retrieval systems project queries and documents into the same embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Frank Palma Gomez , Ramon Sanabria , Yun-hsuan Sung , Daniel Cer , Siddharth Dalmia , Gustavo Hernandez Abrego

Code-switching (CS) refers to the phenomenon that languages switch within a speech signal and leads to language confusion for automatic speech recognition (ASR). This paper aims to address language confusion for improving CS-ASR from two…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-27 Hexin Liu , Haihua Xu , Leibny Paola Garcia , Andy W. H. Khong , Yi He , Sanjeev Khudanpur