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Ising machines (IM) are physics-inspired alternatives to von Neumann architectures for solving hard optimization tasks. By mapping binary variables to coupled Ising spins, IMs can naturally solve unconstrained combinatorial optimization…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Corentin Delacour

Ising machines are next-generation computers expected to efficiently sample near-optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. Combinatorial optimization problems are modeled as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Kentaro Ohno , Nozomu Togawa

Combinatorial problems such as combinatorial optimization and constraint satisfaction problems arise in decision-making across various fields of science and technology. In real-world applications, when multiple optimal or…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yuta Mizuno , Mohammad Ali , Tamiki Komatsuzaki

Ising Machines are emerging hardware architectures that efficiently solve NP-Hard combinatorial optimization problems. Generally, combinatorial problems are transformed into quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form, but this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Chirag Garg , Sayeef Salahuddin

We show how the localization landscape, originally introduced to bound low energy eigenstates of disordered wave media and many-body quantum systems, can form the basis for hardware-efficient quantum algorithms for solving binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-06 Benjamin Y. L. Tan , Beng Yee Gan , Daniel Leykam , Dimitris G. Angelakis

We investigate a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) formulation of the graph isomorphism problem using the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE). For small graph…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Turbasu Chatterjee , Shah Ishmam Mohtashim , Akash Kundu

Given the fundamental importance of combinatorial optimization across many diverse application domains, there has been widespread interest in the development of unconventional physical computing architectures that can deliver better…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-09-18 Atsushi Yamamura , Hideo Mabuchi , Surya Ganguli

The spatial photonic Ising machine (SPIM) is a promising optical hardware solver for large-scale combinatorial optimization problems with dense interactions. As the SPIM can represent Ising problems with rank-one coupling matrices,…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-02-03 Hiroshi Yamashita , Hideyuki Suzuki

Ising formulations are widely utilized to solve combinatorial optimization problems, and a variety of quantum or semiconductor-based hardware has recently been made available. In combinatorial optimization problems, the existence of local…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-03-15 Yoshiki Sato , Makiko Konoshima , Hirotaka Tamura , Jun Ohkubo

An introduction to the application of combinatorial optimization methods to ground state calculations of frustrated, disordered systems is given. We discuss the interface problem in the random bond Ising ferromagnet, the random field Ising…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-30 H. Rieger

The coherent Ising machine (CIM) is a nonconventional hardware architecture for finding approximate solutions to large-scale combinatorial optimization problems. It operates by annealing a laser gain parameter to adiabatically deform a…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-10-28 Federico Ghimenti , Adithya Sriram , Atsushi Yamamura , Hideo Mabuchi , Surya Ganguli

Ising solvers offer a promising physics-based approach to tackle the challenging class of combinatorial optimization problems. However, typical solvers operate in a quadratic energy space, having only pair-wise coupling elements which…

Today, hardware constraints are an important limitation on quantum adiabatic optimization algorithms. Firstly, computational problems must be formulated as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) in the presence of noisy coupling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-06 Andrew Lucas

Ising Machine is a promising computing approach for solving combinatorial optimization problems. It is naturally suited for energy-saving and compact in-memory computing implementations with emerging memories. A na\"ive in-memory computing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-30 George Higgins Hutchinson , Ethan Sifferman , Tinish Bhattacharya , Dmitri B. Strukov

Combinatorial optimization problems are ubiquitous in industrial applications. However, finding optimal or close-to-optimal solutions can often be extremely hard. Because some of these problems can be mapped to the ground-state search of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Junpeng Hou , Amin Barzegar , Helmut G. Katzgraber

Hard combinatorial optimization problems deal with the search for the minimum cost solutions (ground states) of discrete systems under strong constraints. A transformation of state variables may enhance computational tractability. It has…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2012-04-11 Konstantin Klemm , Anita Mehta , Peter F. Stadler

A pivotal task for quantum computing is to speed up solving problems that are both classically intractable and practically valuable. Among these, combinatorial optimization problems have attracted tremendous attention due to their broad…

Generalized Ising models, also known as cluster expansions, are an important tool in many areas of condensed-matter physics and materials science, as they are often used in the study of lattice thermodynamics, solid-solid phase transitions,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-06-27 Wenxuan Huang , Daniil Kitchaev , Stephen Dacek , Ziqin Rong , Zhiwei Ding , Gerbrand Ceder

Combinatorial optimization problems are crucial in industry. However, many COPs are NP-hard, causing the search space to grow exponentially with problem size and rendering large-scale instances computationally intractable. Conventional…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Eiji Kawase , Shuta Kikuchi , Hideaki Tamai , Shu Tanaka

Conventional computing architectures have no known efficient algorithms for combinatorial optimization tasks, which are encountered in fundamental areas and real-world practical problems including logistics, social networks, and…

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