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Recent work has observed that one can outperform exact inference in Bayesian neural networks by tuning the "temperature" of the posterior on a validation set (the "cold posterior" effect). To help interpret this phenomenon, we argue that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-04 Ben Adlam , Jasper Snoek , Samuel L. Smith

To get Bayesian neural networks to perform comparably to standard neural networks it is usually necessary to artificially reduce uncertainty using a "tempered" or "cold" posterior. This is extremely concerning: if the prior is accurate,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-28 Laurence Aitchison

Uncertainty quantification in reinforcement learning can greatly improve exploration and robustness. Approximate Bayesian approaches have recently been popularized to quantify uncertainty in model-free algorithms. However, so far the focus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Pascal R. van der Vaart , Neil Yorke-Smith , Matthijs T. J. Spaan

Bayesian inference provides a principled probabilistic framework for quantifying uncertainty by updating beliefs based on prior knowledge and observed data through Bayes' theorem. In Bayesian deep learning, neural network weights are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yijie Zhang

Aleatoric uncertainty captures the inherent randomness of the data, such as measurement noise. In Bayesian regression, we often use a Gaussian observation model, where we control the level of aleatoric uncertainty with a noise variance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Sanyam Kapoor , Wesley J. Maddox , Pavel Izmailov , Andrew Gordon Wilson

While Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) provide a sound and principled alternative to standard neural networks, an artificial sharpening of the posterior usually needs to be applied to reach comparable performance. This is in stark contrast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Gregor Bachmann , Lorenzo Noci , Thomas Hofmann

Bayesian inference for inverse problems hinges critically on the choice of priors. In the absence of specific prior information, population-level distributions can serve as effective priors for parameters of interest. With the advent of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-11 Gabriel Missael Barco , Alexandre Adam , Connor Stone , Yashar Hezaveh , Laurence Perreault-Levasseur

Bayesian methods feature useful properties for solving inverse problems, such as tomographic reconstruction. The prior distribution introduces regularization, which helps solving the ill-posed problem and reduces overfitting. In practice,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-02 Max-Heinrich Laves , Malte Tölle , Alexander Schlaefer , Sandy Engelhardt

We recapitulate the Bayesian formulation of neural network based classifiers and show that, while sampling from the posterior does indeed lead to better generalisation than is obtained by standard optimisation of the cost function, even…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-09 Robert J. N. Baldock , Nicola Marzari

Despite the impressive generalization capabilities of deep neural networks, they have been repeatedly shown to be overconfident when they are wrong. Fixing this issue is known as model calibration, and has consequently received much…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Muthu Chidambaram , Rong Ge

The "cold posterior effect" (CPE) in Bayesian deep learning describes the uncomforting observation that the predictive performance of Bayesian neural networks can be significantly improved if the Bayes posterior is artificially sharpened…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Lorenzo Noci , Kevin Roth , Gregor Bachmann , Sebastian Nowozin , Thomas Hofmann

Bayesian neural networks have shown great promise in many applications where calibrated uncertainty estimates are crucial and can often also lead to a higher predictive performance. However, it remains challenging to choose a good prior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-17 Vincent Fortuin , Adrià Garriga-Alonso , Mark van der Wilk , Laurence Aitchison

Proper losses such as cross-entropy incentivize classifiers to produce class probabilities that are well-calibrated on the training data. Due to the generalization gap, these classifiers tend to become overconfident on the test data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Viacheslav Komisarenko , Meelis Kull

During the past five years the Bayesian deep learning community has developed increasingly accurate and efficient approximate inference procedures that allow for Bayesian inference in deep neural networks. However, despite this algorithmic…

We propose a method for jointly inferring labels across a collection of data samples, where each sample consists of an observation and a prior belief about the label. By implicitly assuming the existence of a generative model for which a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Esther Rolf , Nikolay Malkin , Alexandros Graikos , Ana Jojic , Caleb Robinson , Nebojsa Jojic

The statistical evidence (or marginal likelihood) is a key quantity in Bayesian statistics, allowing one to assess the probability of the data given the model under investigation. This paper focuses on refining the power posterior approach…

Computation · Statistics 2013-06-14 Nial Friel , Merrilee Hurn , Jason Wyse

In Bayesian statistics, the choice of prior distribution is often debatable, especially if prior knowledge is limited or data are scarce. In imprecise probability, sets of priors are used to accurately model and reflect prior knowledge.…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-10-25 Gero Walter , Frank P. A. Coolen

Prior information often takes the form of parameter constraints. Bayesian methods include such information through prior distributions having constrained support. By using posterior sampling algorithms, one can quantify uncertainty without…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-09-25 Leo L Duan , Alexander L Young , Akihiko Nishimura , David B Dunson

The Cold Posterior Effect (CPE) is a phenomenon in Bayesian Deep Learning (BDL), where tempering the posterior to a cold temperature often improves the predictive performance of the posterior predictive distribution (PPD). Although the term…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-27 Kenyon Ng , Chris van der Heide , Liam Hodgkinson , Susan Wei

Class probabilities predicted by most multiclass classifiers are uncalibrated, often tending towards over-confidence. With neural networks, calibration can be improved by temperature scaling, a method to learn a single corrective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Meelis Kull , Miquel Perello-Nieto , Markus Kängsepp , Telmo Silva Filho , Hao Song , Peter Flach
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