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Architectural debt is a form of technical debt that derives from the gap between the architectural design of the system as it "should be" compared to "as it is". We measured architecture debt in two ways: 1) in terms of system-wide coupling…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Maleknaz Nayebi , Yuanfang Cai , Rick Kazman , Guenther Ruhe , Qiong Feng , Chris Carlson , Francis Chew

Technical Debt management decisions always imply a trade-off among outcomes at different points in time. In such intertemporal choices, distant outcomes are often valued lower than close ones, a phenomenon known as temporal discounting.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Christoph Becker , Fabian Fagerholm , Rahul Mohanani , Alexandros Chatzigeorgiou

Public vulnerability databases such as CVE and NVD account for only 60% of security vulnerabilities present in open-source projects, and are known to suffer from inconsistent quality. Over the last two years, there has been considerable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Achyudh Ram , Ji Xin , Meiyappan Nagappan , Yaoliang Yu , Rocío Cabrera Lozoya , Antonino Sabetta , Jimmy Lin

Software quality research increasingly relies on large-scale datasets that measure both the product and process aspects of software systems. However, existing resources often focus on limited dimensions, such as code smells, technical debt,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Mikel Robredo , Matteo Esposito , Davide Taibi , Rafael Peñaloza , Valentina Lenarduzzi

In this paper, we present MADE-WIC, a large dataset of functions and their comments with multiple annotations for technical debt and code weaknesses leveraging different state-of-the-art approaches. It contains about 860K code functions and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Moritz Mock , Jorge Melegati , Max Kretschmann , Nicolás E. Díaz Ferreyra , Barbara Russo

Incorporating the business perspective into prioritizing technical debt is essential to contribute to decision making in industry. In this paper, we evolve and evaluate a business-driven approach for technical debt prioritization. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Rodrigo Rebouças de Almeida , Rafael do Nascimento Ribeiro , Christoph Treude , Uirá Kulesza

Agentic AI systems combine probabilistic reasoning with delegated action through tools, context, memory, orchestration, and external workflow integration. This note develops a formal and managerially usable model that distinguishes Agentic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Muhammad Zia Hydari , Raja Iqbal , Narayan Ramasubbu

In this work, we study how the authorship of code affects bug-fixing commits using the SStuBs dataset, a collection of single-statement bug fix changes in popular Java Maven projects. More specifically, we study the differences in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Wenhan Zhu , Michael W. Godfrey

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) is a special form of technical debt in which developers intentionally record their hacks in the code by adding comments for attention. Here, we focus on issue-related "On-hold SATD", where developers…

The data collected from open source projects provide means to model large software ecosystems, but often suffer from data quality issues, specifically, multiple author identification strings in code commits might actually be associated with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Tanner Fry , Tapajit Dey , Andrey Karnauch , Audris Mockus

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) refers to circumstances where developers use textual artifacts to explain why the existing implementation is not optimal. Past research in detecting SATD has focused on either identifying SATD…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Edi Sutoyo , Paris Avgeriou , Andrea Capiluppi

Context: Technical debt management is challenging for software engineers due to poor tool support and a lack of knowledge on how to prioritize technical debt repayment and prevention activities. Furthermore, when there is a large backlog of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-09 Matthieu Foucault , Xavier Blanc , Margaret-Anne Storey , Jean-Rémy Falleri , Cédric Teyton

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD), cases where developers intentionally acknowledge suboptimal solutions in code through comments, poses a significant challenge to software maintainability. Left unresolved, SATD can degrade code quality…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Mohammad Sadegh Sheikhaei , Yuan Tian , Shaowei Wang , Bowen Xu

Modern software development is based on a series of rapid incremental changes collaboratively made to large source code repositories by developers with varying experience and expertise levels. The ZeroIn project is aimed at analyzing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Kalyan Perumalla , Aradhana Soni , Rupam Dey , Steven Rich

In modern software engineering, build systems play the crucial role of facilitating the conversion of source code into software artifacts. Recent research has explored high-level causes of build failures, but has largely overlooked the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Anwar Ghammam , Dhia Elhaq Rzig , Mohamed Almukhtar , Rania Khalsi , Foyzul Hassan , Marouane Kessentini

Quantum computing is rapidly advancing, but quantum software development faces significant challenges, including a steep learning curve, high hardware error rates, and a lack of mature engineering practices. This study conducts a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Krishna Upadhyay , Vinaik Chhetri , A. B. Siddique , Umar Farooq

In this paper, we investigate the strategies adopted by Solidity developers to fix security vulnerabilities in smart contracts. Vulnerabilities are categorized using the DASP TOP 10 taxonomy, and fixing strategies are extracted from GitHub…

This article presents an empirical study of how the use of relational database access technologies in open source Java projects evolves over time. Our observations may be useful to project managers to make more informed decisions on which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-01-03 Alexandre Decan , Mathieu Goeminne , Tom Mens

Training Data Detection (TDD) is a task aimed at determining whether a specific data instance is used to train a machine learning model. In the computer security literature, TDD is also referred to as Membership Inference Attack (MIA).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Zhihao Zhu , Yi Yang , Defu Lian

Training machine learning approaches for vulnerability identification and producing reliable tools to assist developers in implementing quality software -- free of vulnerabilities -- is challenging due to the lack of large datasets and real…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Sofia Reis , Rui Abreu