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We consider the problem of finding a Hamiltonian path or a Hamiltonian cycle with precedence constraints in the form of a partial order on the vertex set. We show that the path problem is $\mathsf{NP}$-complete for graphs of pathwidth 4…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jesse Beisegel , Katharina Klost , Kristin Knorr , Fabienne Ratajczak , Robert Scheffler

A large body of work has investigated the properties of graph neural networks and identified several limitations, particularly pertaining to their expressive power. Their inability to count certain patterns (e.g., cycles) in a graph lies at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Emily Jin , Michael Bronstein , İsmail İlkan Ceylan , Matthias Lanzinger

This thesis investigates the central role of homomorphism problems (structure-preserving maps) in two complementary domains: database querying over finite, graph-shaped data, and constraint solving over (potentially infinite) structures.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Rémi Morvan

A locally surjective homomorphism from a graph $G$ to a graph $H$ is an edge-preserving mapping from $V(G)$ to $V(H)$ that is surjective in the neighborhood of each vertex in $G$. In the list locally surjective homomorphism problem, denoted…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Pavel Dvořák , Monika Krawczyk , Tomáš Masařík , Jana Novotná , Paweł Rzążewski , Aneta Żuk

In the past decades for more and more graph classes the Graph Isomorphism Problem was shown to be solvable in polynomial time. An interesting family of graph classes arises from intersection graphs of geometric objects. In this work we show…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-23 Daniel Neuen

In the multicoloring problem, also known as ($a$:$b$)-coloring or $b$-fold coloring, we are given a graph G and a set of $a$ colors, and the task is to assign a subset of $b$ colors to each vertex of G so that adjacent vertices receive…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-02-20 Marthe Bonamy , Łukasz Kowalik , Michał Pilipczuk , Arkadiusz Socała , Marcin Wrochna

In graph modification problems, one is given a graph G and the goal is to apply a minimum number of modification operations (such as edge deletions) to G such that the resulting graph fulfills a certain property. For example, the Cluster…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-13 Christian Komusiewicz , André Nichterlein , Rolf Niedermeier

Motivated by a relaxed notion of the celebrated Hamiltonian cycle, this paper investigates its variant, parity Hamiltonian cycle (PHC): A PHC of a graph is a closed walk which visits every vertex an odd number of times, where we remark that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-07-11 Hiroshi Nishiyama , Yusuke Kobayashi , Yukiko Yamauchi , Shuji Kijima , Masafumi Yamashita

Many variations of the classical graph coloring model have been intensively studied due to their multiple applications; scheduling problems and aircraft assignments, for instance, motivate the robust coloring problem. This model gets to…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Delia Garijo , Alberto Márquez , Rafael Robles

The notion of graph cover, also known as locally bijective homomorphism, is a discretization of covering spaces known from general topology. It is a pair of incidence-preserving vertex- and edge-mappings between two graphs, the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-25 Jan Kratochvil , Roman Nedela

In the List $k$-Coloring problem we are given a graph whose every vertex is equipped with a list, which is a subset of $\{1,\ldots,k\}$. We need to decide if $G$ admits a proper coloring, where every vertex receives a color from its list.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Marta Piecyk , Paweł Rzążewski

The graph isomorphism problem is a main problem which has numerous applications in different fields. Thus, finding an efficient and easy to implement method to discriminate non-isomorphic graphs is valuable. In this paper, a new method is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-11-08 Ameneh Farhadian

The dichotomy conjecture for the parameterized embedding problem states that the problem of deciding whether a given graph $G$ from some class $K$ of "pattern graphs" can be embedded into a given graph $H$ (that is, is isomorphic to a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Yijia Chen , Martin Grohe , Bingkai Lin

Given an edge-colored graph, the Maximum Rainbow Matching problem asks for a maximum-cardinality matching of the graph that contains at most one edge from each color. We provide the following complexity dichotomy for this problem based on…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Felix Hommelsheim , Pia Jehmlich , Moritz Mühlenthaler

The problems studied in this paper originate from Graph Motif, a problem introduced in 2006 in the context of biological networks. Informally speaking, it consists in deciding if a multiset of colors occurs in a connected subgraph of a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-09-11 Romeo Rizzi , Florian Sikora

The degree-constrained subgraph problem asks for a subgraph of a given graph such that the degree of each vertex is within some specified bounds. We study the following reconfiguration variant of this problem: Given two solutions to a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-08-07 Moritz Mühlenthaler

We study the following generalization of the Hamiltonian cycle problem: Given integers $a,b$ and graph $G$, does there exist a closed walk in $G$ that visits every vertex at least $a$ times and at most $b$ times? Equivalently, does there…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Brian Liu , Nathan S. Sheffield , Alek Westover

Fagin defined the class $NP$ by the means of Existential Second-Order logic. Feder and Vardi expressed it (up to polynomial equivalence) by special fragments of Existential Second-Order logic (SNP), while the authors used forbidden expanded…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Gábor Kun , Jaroslav Nešetřil

Finding paths in graphs is a fundamental graph-theoretic task. In this work, we we are concerned with finding a path with some constraints on its length and the number of vertices neighboring the path, that is, being outside of and incident…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Max-Jonathan Luckow , Till Fluschnik

Graph coloring, a classical and critical NP-hard problem, is the problem of assigning connected nodes as different colors as possible. However, we observe that state-of-the-art GNNs are less successful in the graph coloring problem. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Wei Li , Ruxuan Li , Yuzhe Ma , Siu On Chan , David Pan , Bei Yu