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This paper introduces the method of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) for robustly separating video frames into background (low-rank) and foreground (sparse) components in real-time. The method is a novel application of a technique used for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-05-01 Jacob Grosek , J. Nathan Kutz

Originally introduced in the fluid mechanics community, dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing the dynamics of nonlinear systems. However, existing DMD theory deals primarily with sequential time…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2014-12-17 Jonathan H. Tu , Clarence W. Rowley , Dirk M. Luchtenburg , Steven L. Brunton , J. Nathan Kutz

While time-frequency analysis provides rich representations of multicomponent signals, current decomposition methods often overlook the morphological structure where components manifest as distinct regions. This study introduces…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-26 Wei Zhou , Wei-Jian Li , Desen Zhu , Hongbin Xu , Wei-Xin Ren

The dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) has become a leading tool for data-driven modeling of dynamical systems, providing a regression framework for fitting linear dynamical models to time-series measurement data. We present a simple…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-04-11 Travis Askham , J. Nathan Kutz

A novel dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method based on a Kalman filter is proposed. This paper explains the fast algorithm of the proposed Kalman filter DMD (KFDMD) in combination with truncated proper orthogonal decomposition for…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2018-11-09 Taku Nonomura , Hisaichi Shibata , Ryoji Takaki

Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) describes complex dynamic processes through a hierarchy of simpler coherent features. DMD is regularly used to understand the fundamental characteristics of turbulence and is closely related to Koopman…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-02-01 Matthew J. Colbrook , Lorna J. Ayton , Máté Szőke

Scientific research and engineering practice often require the modeling and decomposition of nonlinear systems. The Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is a novel Koopman-based technique that effectively dissects high-dimensional nonlinear…

A novel data-driven method of modal analysis for complex flow dynamics, termed as reduced-order variational mode decomposition (RVMD), has been proposed, combining the idea of the separation of variables and a state-of-the-art nonstationary…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-09-27 Zi-Mo Liao , Zhiye Zhao , Liang-Bing Chen , Zhen-Hua Wan , Nan-Sheng Liu , Xi-Yun Lu

Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) provides a principled approach to extract physically interpretable spatial modes from time-resolved flow field data, along with a linear model for how the amplitudes of these modes evolve in time. Recently,…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2020-07-29 Aditya G. Nair , Benjamin Strom , Bingni W. Brunton , Steven L. Brunton

Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is a data-driven technique to identify a low dimensional linear time invariant dynamics underlying high-dimensional data. For systems in which such underlying low-dimensional dynamics is time-varying, a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-09 Mustaffa Alfatlawi , Vaibhav Srivastava

Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is utilised to identify the intrinsic signals arising from planetary interiors. Focusing on an axisymmetric quasi-geostrophic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave -called torsional Alfv\'{e}n waves (TW) - we…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2020-09-29 Kumiko Hori , Steven M. Tobias , Robert J. Teed

The dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is a data-driven approach that extracts the dominant features from spatiotemporal data. In this work, we introduce sparse-mode DMD, a new variant of the optimized DMD framework that specifically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-29 Sara M. Ichinaga , Steven L. Brunton , Aleksandr Y. Aravkin , J. Nathan Kutz

The decomposition of oceanic flow into its balanced and unbalanced motions carries theoretical and practical significance for the oceanographic community. These two motions have distinct dynamical characteristics and affect the transport of…

The characterization of intermittent, multiscale and transient dynamics using data-driven analysis remains an open challenge. We demonstrate an application of the Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) with sparse sampling for the diagnostic…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-05-18 Krithika Manohar , Eurika Kaiser , Steven L. Brunton , J. Nathan Kutz

Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is a numerical method that seeks to fit timeseries data to a linear dynamical system. In doing so, DMD decomposes dynamic data into spatially coherent modes that evolve in time according to exponential…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Marco Mignacca , Simone Brugiapaglia , Jason J. Bramburger

This study introduces and compares the Hankel dynamic mode decomposition with control (Hankel-DMDc) and a novel Bayesian extension of Hankel-DMDc as model-free (i.e., data-driven and equation-free) approaches for system identification and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Giorgio Palma , Andrea Serani , Shawn Aram , David W. Wundrow , David Drazen , Matteo Diez

The Dynamic-Mode Decomposition (DMD) is a well established data-driven method of finding temporally evolving linear-mode decompositions of nonlinear time series. Traditionally, this method presumes that all relevant dimensions are sampled…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-01-13 Christopher W. Curtis , Daniel Jay Alford-Lago

We develop a new method which extends Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) to incorporate the effect of control to extract low-order models from high-dimensional, complex systems. DMD finds spatial-temporal coherent modes, connects local-linear…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-09-24 Joshua L. Proctor , Steven L. Brunton , J. Nathan Kutz

Separating turbulent fluctuations from coherent large-scale background flows is a longstanding challenge in the analysis of numerical simulations and astronomical observations. Traditional approaches commonly rely on decomposition-based…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-05-27 Ji-Hoon Ha , Elena S. Volnova

Modal decomposition techniques, such as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), and Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), have advanced time-frequency signal analysis since the early 21st century. These methods…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-29 Wang Hao , Kuang Zhang , Hou Chengyu , Yang Yifan , Tan Chenxing , Fu Weifeng