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Most slowly synchronizing automata over binary alphabets are circular, i.e., containing a letter permuting the states in a single cycle, and their set of synchronizing words has maximal state complexity, which also implies complete…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Stefan Hoffmann

A word $s$ of letters on edges of underlying graph $\Gamma$ of deterministic finite automaton (DFA) is called synchronizing if $s$ sends all states of the automaton to a unique state. J. \v{C}erny discovered in 1964 a sequence of $n$-state…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-15 A. N. Trahtman

It was conjectured by \v{C}ern\'y in 1964, that a synchronizing DFA on $n$ states always has a synchronizing word of length at most $(n-1)^2$, and he gave a sequence of DFAs for which this bound is reached. Until now a full analysis of all…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Michiel de Bondt , Henk Don , Hans Zantema

A deterministic finite automaton (DFA) of $n$ states over a $k$-letter alphabet can be seen as a digraph with $n$ vertices which all have exactly $k$ labeled out-arcs ($k$-out digraph). In 1973 Grusho first proved that with high probability…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-04-21 Xing Shi Cai , Luc Devroye

This paper considers the existence of short synchronizing words in deterministic finite automata (DFAs). We define two general strategies for generating synchronizing words, and we show that each of these strategies can be applied if and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Peter Bradshaw , Alexander Clow , Ladislav Stacho

Let D denote an infinite alphabet -- a set that consists of infinitely many symbols. A word w = a_0 b_0 a_1 b_1 ... a_n b_n of even length over D can be viewed as a directed graph G_w whose vertices are the symbols that appear in w, and the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-04-11 Tony Tan

Given a Probabilistic Finite Automata (PFA), a set of states S, and an error threshold e > 0, our algorithm approximates the infimum probability (quantifying over all infinite words) that the automata reaches S. Our result contrasts with…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-09-21 Sergio Giro

Given an order of the underlying alphabet we can lift it to the states of a finite deterministic automaton: to compare states we use the order of the strings reaching them. When the order on strings is the co-lexicographic one \emph{and}…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Giovanna D'Agostino , Davide Martincigh , Alberto Policriti

We prove that a uniformly random automaton with $n$ states on a 2-letter alphabet has a synchronizing word of length $O(n^{1/2}\log n)$ with high probability (w.h.p.). That is to say, w.h.p. there exists a word $\omega$ of such length, and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Guillaume Chapuy , Guillem Perarnau

Given a regular language L over an ordered alphabet $\Sigma$, the set of lexicographically smallest (resp., largest) words of each length is itself regular. Moreover, there exists an unambiguous finite-state transducer that, on a given word…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-19 Lukas Fleischer , Jeffrey Shallit

In this paper, we show that every D3-directing CNFA can be mapped uniquely to a DFA with the same synchronizing word length. This implies that \v{C}ern\'y's conjecture generalizes to CNFAs and that the general upper bound for the length of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-24 Henk Don , Hans Zantema

The class of row monomial matrices (one unit and rest zeros in every row) with some non-standard operations of summation and usual multiplication is our main object. These matrices generate a space with respect to the mentioned operations.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-21 A. N. Trahtman

It was conjectured by \v{C}ern\'y in 1964, that a synchronizing DFA on $n$ states always has a shortest synchronizing word of length at most $(n-1)^2$, and he gave a sequence of DFAs for which this bound is reached. Until now a full…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-06-19 Michiel de Bondt , Henk Don , Hans Zantema

In this paper, we present a proof of the NP-completeness of computing the smallest Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) that distinguishes two given regular languages as DFAs. A distinguishing DFA is an automaton that recognizes a language…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jan Martens

Given a subset of states $S$ of a deterministic finite automaton and a word $w$, the preimage is the subset of all states mapped to a state in $S$ by the action of $w$. We study three natural problems concerning words giving certain…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Mikhail V. Berlinkov , Robert Ferens , Marek Szykuła

We present a new technique for demonstrating the reachability of states in deterministic finite automata representing the concatenation of two languages. Such demonstrations are a necessary step in establishing the state complexity of the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-10-19 Sylvie Davies

Partially ordered automata are automata where the transition relation induces a partial order on states. The expressive power of partially ordered automata is closely related to the expressivity of fragments of first-order logic on finite…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Tomáš Masopust , Markus Krötzsch

Deterministic Finite Automata (DFAs) are of central importance in automata theory. In view of how state diagrams for DFAs are defined using directed graphs, this leads us to introduce a generalization of DFAs related to a method widely used…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-18 John M. Campbell

An automaton is partially ordered if the only cycles in its transition diagram are self-loops. The expressivity of partially ordered NFAs (poNFAs) can be characterized by the Straubing-Th\'erien hierarchy. Level 3/2 is recognized by poNFAs,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-04-27 Tomáš Masopust , Markus Krötzsch

Every language recognized by a non-deterministic finite automaton can be recognized by a deterministic automaton, at the cost of a potential increase of the number of states, which in the worst case can go from $n$ states to $2^n$ states.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Arnaud Carayol , Philippe Duchon , Florent Koechlin , Cyril Nicaud