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A crucial subroutine for various quantum computing and communication algorithms is to efficiently extract different classical properties of quantum states. In a notable recent theoretical work by Huang, Kueng, and Preskill [Nat. Phys. 16,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-19 Ting Zhang , Jinzhao Sun , Xiao-Xu Fang , Xiao-Ming Zhang , Xiao Yuan , He Lu

Magic state distillation (MSD) is a quantum algorithm that enables performing logical non-Clifford gates with in principle arbitrarily low noise level. It is herein typically assumed that logical Clifford gates can be executed without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Sascha Heußen

Near-term quantum computers provide a promising platform for finding ground states of quantum systems, which is an essential task in physics, chemistry, and materials science. Near-term approaches, however, are constrained by the effects of…

Estimating observable expectation values in eigenstates of quantum systems has a broad range of applications and is an area where early fault-tolerant quantum computers may provide practical quantum advantage. We develop a hybrid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Bence Bakó , Tenzan Araki , Bálint Koczor

In this paper, we explore an efficient online algorithm for quantum state estimation based on a matrix-exponentiated gradient method previously used in the context of machine learning. The state update is governed by a learning rate that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-28 Akram Youssry , Christopher Ferrie , Marco Tomamichel

In this article we develop further an algorithm for data assimilation based upon a shadowing refinement technique [de Leeuw et al., SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Sys., 17 (2018)] to take partial observations into account. Our method is based on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-13 Bart de Leeuw , Svetlana Dubinkina

Error mitigation has been one of the recently sought after methods to reduce the effects of noise when computation is performed on a noisy near-term quantum computer. Interest in simulating stochastic processes with quantum models gained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-19 Matthew Ho , Ryuji Takagi , Mile Gu

As quantum computing progresses towards the early fault-tolerant regime, quantum error correction will play a crucial role in protecting qubits and enabling logical Clifford operations. However, the number of logical qubits will initially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Surabhi Luthra , Alexandra E. Moylett , Dan E. Browne , Earl T. Campbell

Magic state distillation enables universal fault-tolerant quantum computation by implementing non-Clifford gates via the preparation of high-fidelity magic states. However, it comes at the cost of substantial logical-level overhead in both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Diego Ruiz , Jérémie Guillaud , Christophe Vuillot , Mazyar Mirrahimi

To get the best possible results from current quantum devices error mitigation is essential. In this work we present a simple but effective error mitigation technique based on the assumption that noise in a deep quantum circuit is well…

Quantum error mitigation is essential for computing on the noisy quantum computer with a limited number of qubits. In this paper, we propose a practical protocol of error mitigation by virtually purifying the quantum state without qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-02 Mingxia Huo , Ying Li

Learning quantum state properties is both a fundamental and practical problem in quantum information theory. Classical shadows have emerged as an efficient method for estimating properties of unknown quantum states, with rigorous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Hugo Thomas , Ulysse Chabaud , Pierre-Emmanuel Emeriau

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is vital for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. While most conventional QEM schemes assume discrete gate-based circuits with noise appearing either before or after each gate, the assumptions are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-12 Jinzhao Sun , Xiao Yuan , Takahiro Tsunoda , Vlatko Vedral , Simon C. Bejamin , Suguru Endo

We introduce the task of shadow process simulation, where the goal is to simulate the estimation of the expectation values of arbitrary quantum observables at the output of a target physical process. When the sender and receiver share…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-30 Xuanqiang Zhao , Xin Wang , Giulio Chiribella

Error mitigation will play an important role in practical applications of near-term noisy quantum computers. Current error mitigation methods typically concentrate on correction quality at the expense of frugality (as measured by the number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Piotr Czarnik , Michael McKerns , Andrew T. Sornborger , Lukasz Cincio

Quantum computing devices are inevitably subject to errors. To leverage quantum technologies for computational benefits in practical applications, quantum algorithms and protocols must be implemented reliably under noise and imperfections.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-18 Jihye Kim , Byungdu Oh , Yonuk Chong , Euyheon Hwang , Daniel K. Park

We develop a classical bit-flip correction method to mitigate measurement errors on quantum computers. This method can be applied to any operator, any number of qubits, and any realistic bit-flip probability. We first demonstrate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-02 Lena Funcke , Tobias Hartung , Karl Jansen , Stefan Kühn , Paolo Stornati , Xiaoyang Wang

We propose a resource-efficient shadow-tomography scheme using equatorial-stabilizer measurements generated from subsets of Clifford unitaries. For $n$-qubit systems, equatorial-stabilizer-based shadow-tomography schemes can estimate $M$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-01 Guedong Park , Yong Siah Teo , Hyunseok Jeong

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) has emerged as a powerful tool for the extraction of useful quantum information from quantum devices. Here, we introduce the Subspace Noise Tailoring (SNT) algorithm, which efficiently combines the cheap cost…

The realization of fault-tolerant quantum computers remains a challenging endeavor, forcing state-of-the-art quantum hardware to rely heavily on noise mitigation techniques. Standard quantum error mitigation is typically based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Juan F. Martin , Giuseppe Cocco , Javier Fonollosa
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