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AI data centers (AIDCs) are rapidly increasing electricity demand and associated CO2 emissions, yet they also generate continuous low-grade waste heat. Here, we assess whether this heat can be upgraded by heat pumps to drive direct air…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Zhicong Fang , Boyu Zhang , Jin Shang , Jiaze Ma

The use of GPUs has proliferated for machine learning workflows and is now considered mainstream for many deep learning models. Meanwhile, when training state-of-the-art personal recommendation models, which consume the highest number of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Bilge Acun , Matthew Murphy , Xiaodong Wang , Jade Nie , Carole-Jean Wu , Kim Hazelwood

Estimates of energy usage in layers of computing from devices to algorithms have been determined and analyzed. Building on the previous analysis [3], energy needed from single devices and systems including three large-scale computing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Sadasivan Shankar

The compute requirements associated with training Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have increased exponentially over time. Optimisation strategies aim to reduce the energy consumption and environmental impacts associated with AI,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Clément Morand , Anne-Laure Ligozat , Aurélie Névéol

The rapid rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) is driving unprecedented growth in global computational demand, placing increasing pressure on electricity systems. This study introduces an AI-energy coupling framework that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Danbo Chen , Zijun Zhou , Yongyang Cai , Jiahong Qin , Ani Katchova , Lei Chen

This work offers a heuristic evaluation of the effects of variations in machine learning training regimes and learning paradigms on the energy consumption of computing, especially HPC hardware with a life-cycle aware perspective. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Daniel Geißler , Bo Zhou , Mengxi Liu , Sungho Suh , Paul Lukowicz

In this work, we examine the performance, energy efficiency and usability when using Python for developing HPC codes running on the GPU. We investigate the portability of performance and energy efficiency between CUDA and OpenCL; between…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-11 Håvard H. Holm , André R. Brodtkorb , Martin L. Sætra

The exponential growth of floating point power in graphics processing units (GPUs), together with their low cost, has given rise to an attractive platform upon which to deploy lattice QCD calculations. GPUs are essentially many (O(100))…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2010-11-05 M. A. Clark

The computational power of High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems is constantly increasing, however, their input/output (IO) performance grows relatively slowly, and their storage capacity is also limited. This unbalance presents…

Heterogeneous processors with architecturally different cores (CPU and GPU) integrated on the same die lead to new challenges and opportunities for thermal and power management techniques because of shared thermal/power budgets between…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-08-30 Kapil Dev , Indrani Paul , Wei Huang , Yasuko Eckert , Wayne Burleson , Sherief Reda

This paper contributes towards better understanding the energy consumption trade-offs of HPC scale Artificial Intelligence (AI), and more specifically Deep Learning (DL) algorithms. For this task we developed benchmark-tracker, a benchmark…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Danilo Carastan dos Santos

High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems are among the most energy-intensive scientific facilities, with electric power consumption reaching and often exceeding 20 megawatts per installation. Unlike other major scientific infrastructures…

Thanks to the availability of massive amounts of data, computing resources, and advanced algorithms, AI has entered nearly every sector. This has sparked significant investment and interest, particularly in building data centers with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Pandu Devarakota , Nicolas Tsesmetzis , Faruk O. Alpak , Apurva Gala , Detlef Hohl

Demand for AI accelerators is rapidly increasing rack power density, with projections approaching 1MW per deployment by 2027. This poses a major challenge for datacenter power delivery designers. As power densities increase, a datacenter…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Grant Wilkins , Fiodar Kazhamiaka , Alok Gautam Kumbhare , Chaojie Zhang , Ricardo Bianchini

Training deep neural networks (DNNs) is a major workload in datacenters today, resulting in a tremendously fast growth of energy consumption. It is important to reduce the energy consumption while completing the DL training jobs early in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Diandian Gu , Xintong Xie , Gang Huang , Xin Jin , Xuanzhe Liu

Over the past years, great progress has been made in improving the computing power of general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs), which facilitates the prosperity of deep neural networks (DNNs) in multiple fields like computer…

Performance · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Zhenheng Tang , Yuxin Wang , Qiang Wang , Xiaowen Chu

Energy efficiency has become one of the top design criteria for current computing systems. The dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) has been widely adopted by laptop computers, servers, and mobile devices to conserve energy, while…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-10-07 Xinxin Mei , Qiang Wang , Xiaowen Chu

In this paper we introduce the energy efficiency as a new metric for evaluating both hardware platforms based on Graphic Processor Units (GPU), and algorithm optimisations at High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. We develop a method to…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2026-05-01 Jiahui Zhuo , Arantza Oyanguren , Álvaro Fernández Casani , Luca Fiorini , Valerii Kholoimov

One of the main challenges in Heavy Energy Physics is to make fast analysis of high amount of experimental and simulated data. At LHC-CERN one p-p event is approximate 1 Mb in size. The time taken to analyze the data and obtain fast results…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2011-07-01 Mihai Niculescu , Sorin-Ion Zgura

For various reasons including those related to climate changes, {\em energy} has become a critical concern in all relevant activities and technical designs. For the specific case of computer activities, the problem is exacerbated with the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Roblex Nana , Claude Tadonki , Petr Dokladal , Youssef Mesri