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Related papers: Tokenization Is More Than Compression

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Text encoding is one of the most important steps in Natural Language Processing (NLP). It has been done well by the self-attention mechanism in the current state-of-the-art Transformer encoder, which has brought about significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Zuchao Li , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao , Rui Wang , Kehai Chen , Masao Utiyama , Eiichiro Sumita

Tokenizers play a crucial role in determining the performance, training efficiency, and the inference cost of Large Language Models (LLMs). Designing effective tokenizers for multilingual LLMs is particularly challenging due to diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Souvik Rana , Arul Menezes , Ashish Kulkarni , Chandra Khatri , Shubham Agarwal

Speech-language models (SLMs) offer a promising path toward unifying speech and text understanding and generation. However, challenges remain in achieving effective cross-modal alignment and high-quality speech generation. In this work, we…

Most neural machine translation systems are built upon subword units extracted by methods such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) or wordpiece. However, the choice of number of merge operations is generally made by following existing recipes. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Shuoyang Ding , Adithya Renduchintala , Kevin Duh

Modern language models mostly take sub-words as input, a design that balances the trade-off between vocabulary size, number of parameters, and performance. However, sub-word tokenization still has disadvantages like not being robust to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Chu-Tak Lee , Qipeng Guo , Xipeng Qiu

In transformers, the positional encoding (PE) provides essential information that distinguishes the position and order amongst tokens in a sequence. Most prior investigations of PE effects on generalization were tailored to 1D input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Takuya Ito , Luca Cocchi , Tim Klinger , Parikshit Ram , Murray Campbell , Luke Hearne

Natural language processing (NLP) enables the understanding and generation of meaningful human language, typically using a pre-trained complex architecture on a large dataset to learn the language and next fine-tune its weights to implement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Yarden Tzach , Ronit D. Gross , Ella Koresh , Shalom Rosner , Or Shpringer , Tal Halevi , Ido Kanter

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is a foundational component of industrial prototyping, where models are defined not by raw coordinates but by construction sequences such as sketches and extrusions. This sequential structure enables both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Ruiyu Wang , Shizhao Sun , Weijian Ma , Jiang Bian

Tokenization serves as a foundational step for Large Language Models (LLMs) to process text. In new domains or languages, the inefficiency of the tokenizer will slow down the training and generation of LLM. The mismatch in vocabulary also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chong Li , Jiajun Zhang , Chengqing Zong

Transformers, the backbone of modern large language models (LLMs), face inherent architectural limitations that impede their reasoning capabilities. Unlike recurrent networks, Transformers lack recurrent connections, confining them to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Xiang Zhang , Juntai Cao , Chenyu You

Automated malware analysis increasingly relies on machine learning, yet most existing methods remain task-specific and depend on handcrafted features or narrowly scoped models. Recent developments in binary-level foundation models suggest a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Saastha Vasan , Yuzhou Nie , Kaie Chen , Yigitcan Kaya , Hojjat Aghakhani , Roman Vasilenko , Wenbo Guo , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna

As the ever-increasing token limits of large language models (LLMs) have enabled long context as input, prompting with single data samples might no longer an efficient way. A straightforward strategy improving efficiency is to batch data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jianzhe Lin , Maurice Diesendruck , Liang Du , Robin Abraham

Autoregressive (AR) encoder-decoder neural networks have proved successful in many NLP problems, including Semantic Parsing -- a task that translates natural language to machine-readable parse trees. However, the sequential prediction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Sid Wang , Akshat Shrivastava , Sasha Livshits

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on high-level semantic tasks, they often struggle with fine-grained, token-level understanding and structural reasoning--capabilities that are essential for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Chenzhuo Zhao , Xinda Wang , Yue Huang , Junting Lu , Ziqian Liu

Most widely-used pre-trained language models operate on sequences of tokens corresponding to word or subword units. By comparison, token-free models that operate directly on raw text (bytes or characters) have many benefits: they can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Linting Xue , Aditya Barua , Noah Constant , Rami Al-Rfou , Sharan Narang , Mihir Kale , Adam Roberts , Colin Raffel

The recent success of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been predominantly driven by curating the training dataset composition, scaling of model architectures and dataset sizes and advancements in pretraining objectives, leaving tokenizer…

Large protein language models are adept at capturing the underlying evolutionary information in primary structures, offering significant practical value for protein engineering. Compared to natural language models, protein amino acid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Yang Tan , Mingchen Li , Pan Tan , Ziyi Zhou , Huiqun Yu , Guisheng Fan , Liang Hong

Finding an optimal word representation algorithm is particularly important in terms of domain specific data, as the same word can have different meanings and hence, different representations depending on the domain and context. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Nouman Ahmed , Ronin Wu , Victor Botev

Current language models (LMs) use a fixed, static subword tokenizer. This default choice typically results in degraded efficiency and language capabilities, especially in languages other than English. To address this issue, we challenge the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Darius Feher , Ivan Vulić , Benjamin Minixhofer

Tokenization is a fundamental component of language models for code. It involves breaking down the input into units that are later passed to the language model stack to learn high-dimensional representations used in various contexts, from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Mootez Saad , Hao Li , Tushar Sharma , Ahmed E. Hassan
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