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In this paper, we introduce the Instruction Following Score (IFS), a metric that detects language models' ability to follow instructions. The metric has a dual purpose. First, IFS can be used to distinguish between base and instruct models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Waseem AlShikh , Manhal Daaboul , Kirk Goddard , Brock Imel , Kiran Kamble , Parikshith Kulkarni , Melisa Russak

Instruction tuning enhances large language models (LLMs) to follow human instructions across diverse tasks, relying on high-quality datasets to guide behavior. However, these datasets, whether manually curated or synthetically generated,…

The prevailing approach to aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) typically relies on human or AI feedback and assumes access to specific types of preference datasets. In our work, we question the efficacy of such datasets and explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hao Sun

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is crucial for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to specific tasks. In this work, we demonstrate that the order of training data can lead to significant training imbalances, potentially resulting in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yiming Ju , Ziyi Ni , Xingrun Xing , Zhixiong Zeng , hanyu Zhao , Siqi Fan , Zheng Zhang

Large language models are typically post-trained using supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL), yet effectively unifying efficient knowledge injection with robust generalization remains challenging. In this work, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wangjie Gan , Miao Pan , Linbo Xi , Wenqi Zhang , Jintao Chen , Jianwei Yin , Xuhong Zhang

Following the initial flourishing of large language models (LLMs), there has been a surge in proposed large vision-language models (LVLMs) that integrate LLMs with vision capabilities. However, it has been observed that LVLMs, after tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Daiki Shiono , Shumpei Miyawaki , Ryota Tanaka , Jun Suzuki

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), the Chain-of-Thought (CoT) component has become significant for complex reasoning tasks. However, in conventional Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), the model could allocate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Xiaofeng Shi , Qian Kou , Yuduo Li , Hua Zhou

Instruction tuning -- fine-tuning a large language model (LLM) on pairs of instructions and desired outcomes -- is an approach that enables pre-trained language models to perform real-world tasks and follow human instructions. Its practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Dylan Zhang , Justin Wang , Francois Charton

This paper delves into the pressing need in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) for Large Language Models (LLMs). While LLMs possess remarkable capabilities, their extensive parameter requirements and associated computational demands…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Chengyu Wang , Junbing Yan , Wei Zhang , Jun Huang

Recent advances in large language model (LLM) reasoning have shown that sophisticated behaviors such as planning and self-reflection can emerge through reinforcement learning (RL). However, despite these successes, RL in its current form…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Lu Ma , Hao Liang , Meiyi Qiang , Lexiang Tang , Xiaochen Ma , Zhen Hao Wong , Junbo Niu , Chengyu Shen , Runming He , Yanhao Li , Bin Cui , Wentao Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) store vast amounts of knowledge, which often requires updates to correct factual errors, incorporate newly acquired information, or adapt model behavior. Model editing methods have emerged as efficient solutions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Fufang Wen , Shichang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have been able to perform various forms of reasoning tasks in a wide range of scenarios, but are they truly engaging in task abstraction and rule-based reasoning beyond mere memorization? To answer this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Guanyu Chen , Peiyang Wang , Yizhou Jiang , Yuqian Liu , Chujie Zhao , Ying Fang , Tianren Zhang , Feng Chen

Instruction tuning significantly enhances the performance of large language models (LLMs) across various tasks. However, the procedure to optimizing the mixing of instruction datasets for LLM fine-tuning is still poorly understood. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Renxi Wang , Haonan Li , Minghao Wu , Yuxia Wang , Xudong Han , Chiyu Zhang , Timothy Baldwin

Incremental learning is the ability of systems to acquire knowledge over time, enabling their adaptation and generalization to novel tasks. It is a critical ability for intelligent, real-world systems, especially when data changes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Mladjan Jovanovic , Peter Voss

As a crucial step to enhance LLMs alignment with human intentions, Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT) has a high demand on dataset quality. However, existing IFT datasets often contain knowledge that is inconsistent with LLMs' internal knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Minda Hu , Qiyuan Zhang , Yufei Wang , Bowei He , Hongru Wang , Jingyan Zhou , Liangyou Li , Yasheng Wang , Chen Ma , Irwin King

The fine-tuning paradigm in addressing long-tail learning tasks has sparked significant interest since the emergence of foundation models. Nonetheless, how fine-tuning impacts performance in long-tail learning was not explicitly quantified.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jiang-Xin Shi , Tong Wei , Zhi Zhou , Jie-Jing Shao , Xin-Yan Han , Yu-Feng Li

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) of large language models can be viewed as an off-policy learning problem, where expert demonstrations come from a fixed behavior policy while training aims to optimize a target policy. Importance sampling is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Shiwan Zhao , Xuyang Zhao , Jiaming Zhou , Aobo Kong , Qicheng Li , Yong Qin

Open-source, multilingual medical large language models (LLMs) have the potential to serve linguistically diverse populations across different regions. Adapting generic LLMs for healthcare often requires continual pretraining, but this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Meng Zhou , Surajsinh Parmar , Anubhav Bhatti

Instruction-following is a fundamental ability of Large Language Models (LLMs), requiring their generated outputs to follow multiple constraints imposed in input instructions. Numerous studies have attempted to enhance this ability through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Bosi Wen , Yilin Niu , Cunxiang Wang , Pei Ke , Xiaoying Ling , Ying Zhang , Aohan Zeng , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

In order for large language model (LLM)-based assistants to effectively adapt to evolving information needs, it must be possible to update their factual knowledge through continued training on new data. The standard recipe for doing so…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zhengbao Jiang , Zhiqing Sun , Weijia Shi , Pedro Rodriguez , Chunting Zhou , Graham Neubig , Xi Victoria Lin , Wen-tau Yih , Srinivasan Iyer