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Most pre-trained learning systems are known to suffer from bias, which typically emerges from the data, the model, or both. Measuring and quantifying bias and its sources is a challenging task and has been extensively studied in image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eslam Mohamed Bakr , Pengzhan Sun , Li Erran Li , Mohamed Elhoseiny

Image captioning evaluation metrics can be divided into two categories, reference-based metrics and reference-free metrics. However, reference-based approaches may struggle to evaluate descriptive captions with abundant visual details…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Zequn Zeng , Jianqiao Sun , Hao Zhang , Tiansheng Wen , Yudi Su , Yan Xie , Zhengjue Wang , Bo Chen

Current metrics for text-to-image models typically rely on statistical metrics which inadequately represent the real preference of humans. Although recent work attempts to learn these preferences via human annotated images, they reduce the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Sixian Zhang , Bohan Wang , Junqiang Wu , Yan Li , Tingting Gao , Di Zhang , Zhongyuan Wang

We present an approach to improve statistical machine translation of image descriptions by multimodal pivots defined in visual space. The key idea is to perform image retrieval over a database of images that are captioned in the target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Julian Hitschler , Shigehiko Schamoni , Stefan Riezler

Developers of text generation models rely on automated evaluation metrics as a stand-in for slow and expensive manual evaluations. However, image captioning metrics have struggled to give accurate learned estimates of the semantic and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Mert İnan , Piyush Sharma , Baber Khalid , Radu Soricut , Matthew Stone , Malihe Alikhani

Image captioning has become an essential Vision & Language research task. It is about predicting the most accurate caption given a specific image or video. The research community has achieved impressive results by continuously proposing new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Guillermo Ruiz , Tania Ramírez , Daniela Moctezuma

State-of-The-Art (SoTA) image captioning models are often trained on the MicroSoft Common Objects in Context (MS-COCO) dataset, which contains human-annotated captions with an average length of approximately ten tokens. Although effective…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Luigi Celona , Simone Bianco , Marco Donzella , Paolo Napoletano

Image captioning evaluation remains a significant challenge, as vision-language models evolve toward more challenging capabilities such as generating long-form and context-rich descriptions. State-of-the-art evaluation metrics involve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Gonçalo Gomes , Bruno Martins , Chrysoula Zerva

Existing emotion prediction benchmarks contain coarse emotion labels which do not consider the diversity of emotions that an image and text can elicit in humans due to various reasons. Learning diverse reactions to multimodal content is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Katherine Deng , Arijit Ray , Reuben Tan , Saadia Gabriel , Bryan A. Plummer , Kate Saenko

We address the task of evaluating image description generation systems. We propose a novel image-aware metric for this task: VIFIDEL. It estimates the faithfulness of a generated caption with respect to the content of the actual image,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Pranava Madhyastha , Josiah Wang , Lucia Specia

Social media is daily creating massive multimedia content with paired image and text, presenting the pressing need to automate the vision and language understanding for various multimodal classification tasks. Compared to the commonly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Chunpu Xu , Jing Li

Most existing image captioning evaluation metrics focus on assigning a single numerical score to a caption by comparing it with reference captions. However, these methods do not provide an explanation for the assigned score. Moreover,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yebin Lee , Imseong Park , Myungjoo Kang

Image captioning is a multimodal task involving computer vision and natural language processing, where the goal is to learn a mapping from the image to its natural language description. In general, the mapping function is learned from a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-19 Jiuxiang Gu , Shafiq Joty , Jianfei Cai , Gang Wang

The task of image captioning has recently been gaining popularity, and with it the complex task of evaluating the quality of image captioning models. In this work, we present the first survey and taxonomy of over 70 different image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Uri Berger , Gabriel Stanovsky , Omri Abend , Lea Frermann

Recently, the state-of-the-art models for image captioning have overtaken human performance based on the most popular metrics, such as BLEU, METEOR, ROUGE, and CIDEr. Does this mean we have solved the task of image captioning? The above…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Qingzhong Wang , Antoni B. Chan

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated promising results in a variety of tasks that combine vision and language. As these models become more integral to research and applications, conducting comprehensive evaluations of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Fuwen Luo , Chi Chen , Zihao Wan , Zhaolu Kang , Qidong Yan , Yingjie Li , Xiaolong Wang , Siyu Wang , Ziyue Wang , Xiaoyue Mi , Peng Li , Ning Ma , Maosong Sun , Yang Liu

Although image captioning models have made significant advancements in recent years, the majority of them heavily depend on high-quality datasets containing paired images and texts which are costly to acquire. Previous works leverage the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Zhiyue Liu , Jinyuan Liu , Fanrong Ma

Image captioning aims at automatically generating descriptions of an image in natural language. This is a challenging problem in the field of artificial intelligence that has recently received significant attention in the computer vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Hassan Maleki Galandouz , Mohsen Ebrahimi Moghaddam , Mehrnoush Shamsfard

Systems that can associate images with their spoken audio captions are an important step towards visually grounded language learning. We describe a scalable method to automatically generate diverse audio for image captioning datasets. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-20 Gabriel Ilharco , Yuan Zhang , Jason Baldridge

The growth of deep learning (DL) relies heavily on huge amounts of labelled data for tasks such as natural language processing and computer vision. Specifically, in image-to-text or image-to-image pipelines, opinion (sentiment) may be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Aleksei Krotov , Alison Tebo , Dylan K. Picart , Aaron Dean Algave