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Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated promising results in a variety of tasks that combine vision and language. As these models become more integral to research and applications, conducting comprehensive evaluations of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Fuwen Luo , Chi Chen , Zihao Wan , Zhaolu Kang , Qidong Yan , Yingjie Li , Xiaolong Wang , Siyu Wang , Ziyue Wang , Xiaoyue Mi , Peng Li , Ning Ma , Maosong Sun , Yang Liu

The area of automatic image caption evaluation is still undergoing intensive research to address the needs of generating captions which can meet adequacy and fluency requirements. Based on our past attempts at developing highly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Naeha Sharif , Lyndon White , Mohammed Bennamoun , Wei Liu , Syed Afaq Ali Shah

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) excel at generating highly detailed captions but often produce hallucinations. Our analysis reveals that existing hallucination detection methods struggle with detailed captions. We attribute this to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Saehyung Lee , Seunghyun Yoon , Trung Bui , Jing Shi , Sungroh Yoon

Given an image, generating its natural language description (i.e., caption) is a well studied problem. Approaches proposed to address this problem usually rely on image features that are difficult to interpret. Particularly, these image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-24 Aditya Mogadala , Xiaoyu Shen , Dietrich Klakow

Current captioning approaches tend to generate correct but "generic" descriptions that lack real-world knowledge, e.g., named entities and contextual information. Considering that Vision-Language Pre-Training (VLP) models master massive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Kanzhi Cheng , Wenpo Song , Zheng Ma , Wenhao Zhu , Zixuan Zhu , Jianbing Zhang

Image Captioning is a task that requires models to acquire a multi-modal understanding of the world and to express this understanding in natural language text. While the state-of-the-art for this task has rapidly improved in terms of n-gram…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-20 Annika Lindh , Robert J. Ross , Abhijit Mahalunkar , Giancarlo Salton , John D. Kelleher

Generating natural language descriptions of images is an important capability for a robot or other visual-intelligence driven AI agent that may need to communicate with human users about what it is seeing. Such image captioning methods are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Li Zhang , Flood Sung , Feng Liu , Tao Xiang , Shaogang Gong , Yongxin Yang , Timothy M. Hospedales

While most conversational AI systems focus on textual dialogue only, conditioning utterances on visual context (when it's available) can lead to more realistic conversations. Unfortunately, a major challenge for incorporating visual context…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Paul Hongsuck Seo , Arsha Nagrani , Cordelia Schmid

Captions that describe or explain charts help improve recall and comprehension of the depicted data and provide a more accessible medium for people with visual disabilities. However, current approaches for automatically generating such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Benny J. Tang , Angie Boggust , Arvind Satyanarayan

Attention mechanisms have attracted considerable interest in image captioning due to its powerful performance. However, existing methods use only visual content as attention and whether textual context can improve attention in image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-11-28 Luowei Zhou , Chenliang Xu , Parker Koch , Jason J. Corso

Image captioning models require the high-level generalization ability to describe the contents of various images in words. Most existing approaches treat the image-caption pairs equally in their training without considering the differences…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Hongkuan Zhang , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa , Lei Zhou , Ryohei Sasano , Koichi Takeda

Image captioning has been a longstanding challenge in vision-language research. With the rise of LLMs, modern Vision-Language Models (VLMs) generate detailed and comprehensive image descriptions. However, benchmarking the quality of such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Kanzhi Cheng , Wenpo Song , Jiaxin Fan , Zheng Ma , Qiushi Sun , Fangzhi Xu , Chenyang Yan , Nuo Chen , Jianbing Zhang , Jiajun Chen

While Vision Language Models (VLMs) learn conceptual representations, in the form of generalized knowledge, during training, they are typically used to analyze individual instances. When evaluation instances are atypical, this paradigm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Stella Frank , Emily Allaway

Image captioning has conventionally relied on reference-based automatic evaluations, where machine captions are compared against captions written by humans. This is in contrast to the reference-free manner in which humans assess caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Jack Hessel , Ari Holtzman , Maxwell Forbes , Ronan Le Bras , Yejin Choi

Video-language models (VLMs) learn to reason about the dynamic visual world through natural language. We introduce a suite of open datasets, benchmarks, and recipes for scalable oversight that enable precise video captioning. First, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zhiqiu Lin , Chancharik Mitra , Siyuan Cen , Isaac Li , Yuhan Huang , Yu Tong Tiffany Ling , Hewei Wang , Irene Pi , Shihang Zhu , Ryan Rao , George Liu , Jiaxi Li , Ruojin Li , Yili Han , Yilun Du , Deva Ramanan

Evaluating video captioning systems is a challenging task as there are multiple factors to consider; for instance: the fluency of the caption, multiple actions happening in a single scene, and the human bias of what is considered important.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Luis Lebron , Yvette Graham , Kevin McGuinness , Konstantinos Kouramas , Noel E. O'Connor

Vision language models (VLMs) are AI systems paired with both language and vision encoders to process multimodal input. They are capable of performing complex semantic tasks such as automatic captioning, but it remains an open question…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tyler Tran , Sangeet Khemlani , J. G. Trafton

Vision-language models (VLMs) excel at image-text retrieval yet persistently fail at compositional reasoning, distinguishing captions that share the same words but differ in relational structure. We present, a unified evaluation and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Amartya Bhattacharya

Recent breakthroughs in reasoning models have markedly advanced the reasoning capabilities of large language models, particularly via training on tasks with verifiable rewards. Yet, a significant gap persists in their adaptation to real…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jiaao Yu , Shenwei Li , Mingjie Han , Yifei Yin , Wenzheng Song , Chenghao Jia , Man Lan

Existing approaches to image captioning usually generate the sentence word-by-word from left to right, with the constraint of conditioned on local context including the given image and history generated words. There have been many studies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Zhengcong Fei , Junshi Huang , Xiaoming Wei , Xiaolin Wei