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Related papers: EmMark: Robust Watermarks for IP Protection of Emb…

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Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in various applications, including text generation and complex tasks. However, the misuse of LLMs raises concerns about the authenticity and ethical implications of the content they produce, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Zesen Liu , Tianshuo Cong , Xinlei He , Qi Li

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

With the rise of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms,safeguarding the intellectual property of deep learning models is becoming paramount. Among various protective measures, trigger set watermarking has emerged as a flexible and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Hongyu Zhu , Sichu Liang , Wentao Hu , Fangqi Li , Ju Jia , Shilin Wang

The growing deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns about their misuse in generating harmful or deceptive content. To address this issue, watermarking methods have been proposed to embed identifiable multi-bit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang

Training deep neural networks from scratch could be computationally expensive and requires a lot of training data. Recent work has explored different watermarking techniques to protect the pre-trained deep neural networks from potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Xinyun Chen , Wenxiao Wang , Chris Bender , Yiming Ding , Ruoxi Jia , Bo Li , Dawn Song

Embedding-as-a-Service (EaaS) has become an important semantic infrastructure for natural language and multimedia applications, but it is highly vulnerable to model stealing and copyright infringement. Existing EaaS watermarking methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhimin Chen , Xiaojie Liang , Wenbo Xu , Yuxuan Liu , Wei Lu

With the broad application of deep neural networks, the necessity of protecting them as intellectual properties has become evident. Numerous watermarking schemes have been proposed to identify the owner of a deep neural network and verify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Fang-Qi Li , Shi-Lin Wang , Alan Wee-Chung Liew

Watermarking inserts invisible data into content to protect copyright. The embedded information provides proof of authorship and facilitates tracking illegal distribution, etc. Current robust watermarking techniques have been proposed to…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2018-05-17 Wook-Hyung Kim , Seung-Hun Nam , Ji-Hyeon Kang , Heung-Kyu Lee

With the rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs), safeguarding textual content against unauthorized use is crucial. Watermarking offers a vital solution, protecting both - LLM-generated and plain text sources. This paper presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Harsh Nishant Lalai , Aashish Anantha Ramakrishnan , Raj Sanjay Shah , Dongwon Lee

Deep learning techniques are one of the most significant elements of any Artificial Intelligence (AI) services. Recently, these Machine Learning (ML) methods, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), presented exceptional achievement in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Mohammad Mehdi Yadollahi , Farzaneh Shoeleh , Sajjad Dadkhah , Ali A. Ghorbani

Being trained on large and diverse datasets, visual foundation models (VFMs) can be fine-tuned to achieve remarkable performance and efficiency in various downstream computer vision tasks. The high computational cost of data collection and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Anna Chistyakova , Mikhail Pautov

Large language models (LLMs) are pre-trained and post-trained on vast amounts of loosely curated data, raising the possibility that these models may have been trained on proprietary datasets or the same benchmarks used for evaluation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Pengrun Huang , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Yu-Xiang Wang

Image watermarking is a technique for hiding information into images that can withstand distortions while requiring the encoded image to be perceptually identical to the original image. Recent work based on deep neural networks (DNN) has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Guanhui Ye , Jiashi Gao , Wei Xie , Bo Yin , Xuetao Wei

In the expanding field of digital media, maintaining the strength and integrity of watermarking technology is becoming increasingly challenging. This paper, inspired by the Idempotent Generative Network (IGN), explores the prospects of…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Kaixin Deng

Watermarking has become the tendency in protecting the intellectual property of DNN models. Recent works, from the adversary's perspective, attempted to subvert watermarking mechanisms by designing watermark removal attacks. However, these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Shangwei Guo , Tianwei Zhang , Han Qiu , Yi Zeng , Tao Xiang , Yang Liu

Nowadays, due to the breakthrough in natural language generation (NLG), including machine translation, document summarization, image captioning, etc NLG models have been encapsulated in cloud APIs to serve over half a billion people…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Xuanli He , Qiongkai Xu , Lingjuan Lyu , Fangzhao Wu , Chenguang Wang

Due to the proliferation and widespread use of deep neural networks (DNN), their Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection has become increasingly important. This paper presents a novel model watermarking method for an unsupervised…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Dongdong Lin , Benedetta Tondi , Bin Li , Mauro Barni

In the era of costly pre-training of large language models, ensuring the intellectual property rights of model owners, and insuring that said models are responsibly deployed, is becoming increasingly important. To this end, we propose model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Vaden Masrani , Mohammad Akbari , David Ming Xuan Yue , Ahmad Rezaei , Yong Zhang

Watermarking large language models (LLMs) is vital for preventing their misuse, including the fabrication of fake news, plagiarism, and spam. It is especially important to watermark LLM-generated code, as it often contains intellectual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Li Lin , Siyuan Xin , Yang Cao , Xiaochun Cao

The protection of cyber Intellectual Property (IP) such as web content is an increasingly critical concern. The rise of large language models (LLMs) with online retrieval capabilities enables convenient access to information but often…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yisheng Zhong , Yizhu Wen , Junfeng Guo , Mehran Kafai , Heng Huang , Hanqing Guo , Zhuangdi Zhu