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The intellectual property (IP) of Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be easily ``stolen'' by surrogate model attack. There has been significant progress in solutions to protect the IP of DNN models in classification tasks. However, little…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Han Fang , Zehua Ma , Weiming Zhang , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved significant success in real-world applications. However, safeguarding their intellectual property (IP) remains extremely challenging. Existing DNN watermarking for IP protection often require…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Yuzhang Chen , Jiangnan Zhu , Yujie Gu , Minoru Kuribayashi , Kouichi Sakurai

Safeguarding the intellectual property of machine learning models has emerged as a pressing concern in AI security. Model watermarking is a powerful technique for protecting ownership of machine learning models, yet its reliability has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Aoting Hu , Yanzhi Chen , Renjie Xie , Adrian Weller

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to increasing concerns about the misuse of AI-generated text, and watermarking for LLM-generated text has emerged as a potential solution. However, it is challenging to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yepeng Liu , Yuheng Bu

Watermarking is a technical means to dissuade malfeasant usage of Large Language Models. This paper proposes a novel watermarking scheme, so-called WaterMax, that enjoys high detectability while sustaining the quality of the generated text…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Eva Giboulot , Teddy Furon

Watermark algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have achieved extremely high accuracy in detecting text generated by LLMs. Such algorithms typically involve adding extra watermark logits to the LLM's logits at each generation step.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shiao Meng , Lijie Wen

The rapid advancement of customized Large Language Models (LLMs) offers considerable convenience. However, it also intensifies concerns regarding the protection of copyright/confidential information. With the extensive adoption of private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yuehan Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Yinpeng Liu , Yongqiang Ma , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Jiawei Liu

Machine learning involves expensive data collection and training procedures. Model owners may be concerned that valuable intellectual property can be leaked if adversaries mount model extraction attacks. As it is difficult to defend against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Hengrui Jia , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Varun Chandrasekaran , Nicolas Papernot

Amidst rising concerns about the internet being proliferated with content generated from language models (LMs), watermarking is seen as a principled way to certify whether text was generated from a model. Many recent watermarking techniques…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Saksham Rastogi , Danish Pruthi

With the widespread adoption of open-source code language models (code LMs), intellectual property (IP) protection has become an increasingly critical concern. While current watermarking techniques have the potential to identify the code LM…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Boyu Zhang , Ping He , Tianyu Du , Xuhong Zhang , Lei Yun , Kingsum Chow , Jianwei Yin

We study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs) generated text -- one of the most promising approaches for addressing the safety challenges of LLM usage. In this paper, we propose a rigorous theoretical framework to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Xuandong Zhao , Prabhanjan Ananth , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang

With the application of vertical domain pre-trained language models (VPLMs) in specialized fields such as medical, finance, and law, model parameters and inference capabilities have become important digital assets. Achieving traceable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Cong Kong , Xin Cheng , Zhaoxia Yin , Shuai Li , Jie Zhang , Weiming Zhang

The impressive performances of Large Language Models (LLMs) and their immense potential for commercialization have given rise to serious concerns over the Intellectual Property (IP) of their training data. In particular, the synthetic texts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Jingtan Wang , Xinyang Lu , Zitong Zhao , Zhongxiang Dai , Chuan-Sheng Foo , See-Kiong Ng , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in code generation. It now becomes crucial to identify whether the code is AI-generated and to determine the specific model used, particularly for purposes such as protecting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Batu Guan , Yao Wan , Zhangqian Bi , Zheng Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

In the present-day scenario, Large Language Models (LLMs) are establishing their presence as powerful instruments permeating various sectors of society. While their utility offers valuable support to individuals, there are multiple concerns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Badr Youbi Idrissi , Monica Millunzi , Amelia Sorrenti , Lorenzo Baraldi , Daryna Dementieva

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

The indistinguishability of large language model (LLM) output from human-authored content poses significant challenges, raising concerns about potential misuse of AI-generated text and its influence on future model training. Watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Alexander Nemecek , Yuzhou Jiang , Erman Ayday

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in text generation has raised increasing concerns about intellectual property disputes. Watermarking techniques, which embed meta information into AI-generated content (AIGC), have the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Shangkun Che , Silin Du , Ge Gao

Machine learning (ML) models are applied in an increasing variety of domains. The availability of large amounts of data and computational resources encourages the development of ever more complex and valuable models. These models are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Franziska Boenisch

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns regarding their potential misuse, particularly in generating fake news and misinformation. To address these risks, watermarking techniques for autoregressive language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Koichi Nagatsuka , Terufumi Morishita , Yasuhiro Sogawa