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In this work, we propose a novel approach for the continuous-time control synthesis of nonlinear systems under nested signal temporal logic (STL) specifications. While the majority of existing literature focuses on control synthesis for STL…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-24 Pian Yu , Xiao Tan , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) enables policy learning from pre-collected datasets, avoiding costly and risky online interactions, but it often struggles with long-horizon tasks involving sparse rewards. Existing goal-conditioned and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Chengyang Gu , Yuxin Pan , Hui Xiong , Yize Chen

We study multi-task reinforcement learning (RL), a setting in which an agent learns a single, universal policy capable of generalising to arbitrary, possibly unseen tasks. We consider tasks specified as linear temporal logic (LTL) formulae,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Alessandro Abate , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Mathias Jackermeier , Jan Kretínský , Maximilian Prokop , Christoph Weinhuber

The function approximators employed by traditional image-based Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms usually lack a temporal learning component and instead focus on learning the spatial component. We propose a technique, Temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Deepak George Thomas , Tichakorn Wongpiromsarn , Ali Jannesari

Continuous representations of logic formulae allow us to integrate symbolic knowledge into data-driven learning algorithms. If such embeddings are semantically consistent, i.e. if similar specifications are mapped into nearby vectors, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Sara Candussio , Gaia Saveri , Gabriele Sarti , Luca Bortolussi

Online monitoring aims to evaluate or to predict, at runtime, whether or not the behaviors of a system satisfy some desired specification. It plays a key role in safety-critical cyber-physical systems. In this work, we propose a new…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-10 Xinyi Yu , Weijie Dong , Xiang Yin , Shaoyuan Li

Safe reinforcement learning (RL) requires the agent to finish a given task while obeying specific constraints. Giving constraints in natural language form has great potential for practical scenarios due to its flexible transfer capability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Pusen Dong , Tianchen Zhu , Yue Qiu , Haoyi Zhou , Jianxin Li

Modern decision-making systems, from robots to web recommendation engines, are expected to adapt: to user preferences, changing circumstances or even new tasks. Yet, it is still uncommon to deploy a dynamically learning agent (rather than a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Shengpu Tang , Felipe Vieira Frujeri , Dipendra Misra , Alex Lamb , John Langford , Paul Mineiro , Sebastian Kochman

This paper investigates the online monitoring problem for cyber-physical systems under signal temporal logic (STL) specifications. The objective is to design an online monitor that evaluates system correctness at runtime based on partial…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Tao Han , Shaoyuan Li , Xiang Yin

The deployment of autonomous systems in uncertain and dynamic environments has raised fundamental questions. Addressing these is pivotal to build fully autonomous systems and requires a systematic integration of planning and control. We…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-08 Lars Lindemann , George J. Pappas , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

Reinforcement Learning (RL) based methods have seen their paramount successes in solving serial decision-making and control problems in recent years. For conventional RL formulations, Markov Decision Process (MDP) and state-action-value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Ziyao Zhang , Liang Ma , Kin K. Leung , Konstantinos Poularakis , Mudhakar Srivatsa

Autonomous spacecraft control via Shielded Deep Reinforcement Learning (SDRL) has become a rapidly growing research area. However, the construction of shields and the definition of tasking remains informal, resulting in policies with no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Robert Reed , Hanspeter Schaub , Morteza Lahijanian

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna

We present a novel probabilistic deep learning approach, the 'Stochastic Latent Transformer' (SLT), designed for the efficient reduced-order modelling of stochastic partial differential equations. Stochastically driven flow models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ira J. S. Shokar , Rich R. Kerswell , Peter H. Haynes

Offline safe RL is of great practical relevance for deploying agents in real-world applications. However, acquiring constraint-satisfying policies from the fixed dataset is non-trivial for conventional approaches. Even worse, the learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Qin Zhang , Linrui Zhang , Haoran Xu , Li Shen , Bowen Wang , Yongzhe Chang , Xueqian Wang , Bo Yuan , Dacheng Tao

In this paper, we develop safe reinforcement-learning-based controllers for systems tasked with accomplishing complex missions that can be expressed as linear temporal logic specifications, similar to those required by search-and-rescue…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-30 Aris Kanellopoulos , Filippos Fotiadis , Chuangchuang Sun , Zhe Xu , Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis , Ufuk Topcu , Warren E. Dixon

Much of the recent work developing formal methods techniques to specify or learn the behavior of autonomous systems is predicated on a belief that formal specifications are interpretable and useful for humans when checking systems. Though…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ho Chit Siu , Kevin Leahy , Makai Mann

Offline safe reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising approach for learning safe behaviors without engaging in risky online interactions with the environment. Most existing methods in offline safe RL rely on cost constraints…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Ze Gong , Akshat Kumar , Pradeep Varakantham

Standard reinforcement learning (RL) optimizes policies for reward but imposes few constraints on how decisions evolve over time. As a result, policies may achieve high performance while exhibiting temporally incoherent behavior such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Sukesh Subaharan

Recently, sequence learning methods have been applied to the problem of off-policy Reinforcement Learning, including the seminal work on Decision Transformers, which employs transformers for this task. Since transformers are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Shmuel Bar-David , Itamar Zimerman , Eliya Nachmani , Lior Wolf