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This paper provides a systematic overview of machine learning methods applied to solve NP-hard Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs). Recently, there has been a great interest from both machine learning and operations research communities to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Aigerim Bogyrbayeva , Meraryslan Meraliyev , Taukekhan Mustakhov , Bissenbay Dauletbayev

Constructive neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) has attracted growing research attention due to its ability to solve complex routing problems without relying on handcrafted rules. However, existing NCO methods face significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Changliang Zhou , Xi Lin , Zhenkun Wang , Qingfu Zhang

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is an example of a combinatorial optimization problem that has attracted academic attention due to its potential use in various contexts. VRP aims to arrange vehicle deliveries to several sites in the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Nishikanta Mohanty , Bikash K. Behera , Christopher Ferrie

This paper introduces RouteFinder, a comprehensive foundation model framework to tackle different Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) variants. Our core idea is that a foundation model for VRPs should be able to represent variants by treating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Federico Berto , Chuanbo Hua , Nayeli Gast Zepeda , André Hottung , Niels Wouda , Leon Lan , Junyoung Park , Kevin Tierney , Jinkyoo Park

Machine Learning (ML) methods have become a useful tool for tackling vehicle routing problems, either in combination with popular heuristics or as standalone models. However, current methods suffer from poor generalization when tackling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Ahmad Bdeir , Jonas K. Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Numerous Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) solvers have been proposed to address Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs). However, most of these solvers focus exclusively on single-vehicle VRP variants, overlooking the more realistic min-max…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuan Wu , Di Wang , Chunguo Wu , Kaifang Qi , Chunyan Miao , Yubin Xiao , Jian Zhang , You Zhou

Neural models produce promising results when solving Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs), but often fall short in generalization. Recent attempts to enhance model generalization often incur unnecessarily large training cost or cannot be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Yubin Xiao , Di Wang , Xuan Wu , Yuesong Wu , Boyang Li , Wei Du , Liupu Wang , You Zhou

In the last decades, the classical Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), i.e., assigning a set of orders to vehicles and planning their routes has been intensively researched. As only the assignment of order to vehicles and their routes is already…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Veronika Lesch , Maximilian König , Samuel Kounev , Anthony Stein , Christian Krupitzer

Existing neural heuristics often train a deep architecture from scratch for each specific vehicle routing problem (VRP), ignoring the transferable knowledge across different VRP variants. This paper proposes the cross-problem learning to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Zhuoyi Lin , Yaoxin Wu , Bangjian Zhou , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Yingqian Zhang , Senthilnath Jayavelu

Despite the extensive research efforts and the remarkable results obtained on Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) by using algorithms proposed by the Machine Learning community that are partially or entirely based on data-driven analysis, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Luca Accorsi , Andrea Lodi , Daniele Vigo

In this paper, we evaluate the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to solve a classic combinatorial optimization problem: the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). We formalize this problem in the RL framework and compare two of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Leo Ardon

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is an NP-hard optimization problem that has been an interest of research for decades in science and industry. The objective is to plan routes of vehicles to deliver goods to a fixed number of customers with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Nishikanta Mohanty , Bikash K. Behera , Christopher Ferrie

The Vehicle Routing Problem with Route Balancing (VRPRB) is a biobjective version of the original Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) in which, besides minimizing the total distance traveled by the vehicles involved, the balance among route loads…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-21 Jairo Lozano , Luis C. González-Gurrola , Eduardo Rodríguez-Tello , Philippe Lacomme

Generalist neural routing solvers have shown great potential in solving diverse vehicle routing problems (VRPs) with a unified model. However, existing solvers are typically limited to symmetric settings or degrade in performance when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Rongsheng Chen , Changliang Zhou , Canhong Yu , Yuanyao Chen , Yu Zhou , Zhuo Chen , Zhenkun Wang

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) underpins modern last-mile logistics. Current Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) methods construct CVRP solutions autoregressively, inheriting sequential decoding bottlenecks, sensitivity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Samuel J. K. Chin , Maximilian Schiffer

This paper presents an approach to learn the local-search heuristics that iteratively improves the solution of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). A local-search heuristics is composed of a destroy operator that destructs a candidate solution,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Lei Gao , Mingxiang Chen , Qichang Chen , Ganzhong Luo , Nuoyi Zhu , Zhixin Liu

Graph routing problems play a vital role in web-related networks, where finding optimal paths across graphs is essential for efficient data transmission and content delivery. Classic routing formulations such as the Traveling Salesman…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Shiyan Liu , Bohan Tan , Zhiguang Cao , Yan Jin

Vehicle routing problem (VRP) is an NP-hard optimization problem that has been an interest of research for decades in science and industry. The objective is to plan routes of vehicles to deliver a fixed number of customers with optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-14 Nishikanta Mohanty , Bikash K. Behera

In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) methods have emerged as a promising approach for solving combinatorial problems. Among RL-based models, POMO has demonstrated strong performance on a variety of tasks, including variants of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Szymon Jakubicz , Karol Kuźniak , Jan Wawszczak , Paweł Gora

This study presents an in-depth computational analysis of four well-known Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) formulations with polynomial number of subtour elimination constraints: a node-based formulation and three arc-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-02 Deniz Aksen , Temel Oncan , Mir Ehsan Hesam Sadati