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In this paper, we consider bilevel optimization problem where the lower-level has coupled constraints, i.e. the constraints depend both on the upper- and lower-level variables. In particular, we consider two settings for the lower-level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-14 Xiaotian Jiang , Jiaxiang Li , Mingyi Hong , Shuzhong Zhang

The paper addresses the study and applications of a broad class of extended-real-valued functions, known as optimal value or marginal functions, which are frequently appeared in variational analysis, parametric optimization, and a variety…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-05 Le Phuoc Hai , Felipe Lara , Boris S. Mordukhovich

Common regularization algorithms for linear regression, such as LASSO and Ridge regression, rely on a regularization hyperparameter that balances the tradeoff between minimizing the fitting error and the norm of the learned model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Gabriele Maroni , Loris Cannelli , Dario Piga

Bi-level optimization has achieved considerable success in contemporary machine learning applications, especially for given proper hyperparameters. However, due to the two-level optimization structure, commonly, researchers focus on two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Congliang Chen , Li Shen , Zhiqiang Xu , Wei Liu , Zhi-Quan Luo , Peilin Zhao

In this paper, we study a fixed-confidence, fixed-tolerance formulation of a class of stochastic bi-level optimization problems, where the upper-level problem selects from a finite set of systems based on a performance metric, and the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-20 Yuhao Wang , Seong-Hee Kim , Enlu Zhou

A core capability of intelligent systems is the ability to quickly learn new tasks by drawing on prior experience. Gradient (or optimization) based meta-learning has recently emerged as an effective approach for few-shot learning. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Aravind Rajeswaran , Chelsea Finn , Sham Kakade , Sergey Levine

Gradient-based bilevel optimisation is a powerful technique with applications in hyperparameter optimisation, task adaptation, algorithm discovery, meta-learning more broadly, and beyond. It often requires differentiating through the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Iurii Kemaev , Dan A Calian , Luisa M Zintgraf , Gregory Farquhar , Hado van Hasselt

Working with any gradient-based machine learning algorithm involves the tedious task of tuning the optimizer's hyperparameters, such as its step size. Recent work has shown how the step size can itself be optimized alongside the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Kartik Chandra , Audrey Xie , Jonathan Ragan-Kelley , Erik Meijer

Data rebalancing techniques, including oversampling and undersampling, are a common approach to addressing the challenges of imbalanced data. To tackle unresolved problems related to both oversampling and undersampling, we propose a new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Karen Medlin , Sven Leyffer , Krishnan Raghavan

Bilevel learning is a powerful optimization technique that has extensively been employed in recent years to bridge the world of model-driven variational approaches with data-driven methods. Upon suitable parametrization of the desired…

Bilevel optimization refers to scenarios whereby the optimal solution of a lower-level energy function serves as input features to an upper-level objective of interest. These optimal features typically depend on tunable parameters of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Amber Yijia Zheng , Tong He , Yixuan Qiu , Minjie Wang , David Wipf

Bilevel optimization has been recently revisited for designing and analyzing algorithms in hyperparameter tuning and meta learning tasks. However, due to its nested structure, evaluating exact gradients for high-dimensional problems is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Amirreza Shaban , Ching-An Cheng , Nathan Hatch , Byron Boots

In traditional machine learning techniques, the degree of closeness between true and predicted values generally measures the quality of predictions. However, these learning algorithms do not consider prescription problems where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Mehmet Kolcu , Alper E. Murat

In this paper we study convex bi-level optimization problems for which the inner level consists of minimization of the sum of smooth and nonsmooth functions. The outer level aims at minimizing a smooth and strongly convex function over the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-15 Shoham Sabach , Shimrit Shtern

Handling uncertainty is critical for ensuring reliable decision-making in intelligent systems. Modern neural networks are known to be poorly calibrated, resulting in predicted confidence scores that are difficult to use. This article…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Gabriele Sanguin , Arjun Pakrashi , Marco Viola , Francesco Rinaldi

Meta-learning offers a principled framework leveraging \emph{task-invariant} priors from related tasks, with which \emph{task-specific} models can be fine-tuned on downstream tasks, even with limited data records. Gradient-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yilang Zhang , Abraham Jaeger Mountain , Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

Bilevel optimisation is used in inverse imaging problems for hyperparameter learning/identification and experimental design, for instance, to find optimal regularisation parameters and forward operators. However, computationally, the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-06 Ensio Suonperä , Tuomo Valkonen

This paper introduces a novel double regularization scheme for bilevel optimization problems whose lower-level problem is composite and convex, but not necessarily strongly convex, in the lower-level variable. The analysis focuses on the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Mattia Solla , Johannes O. Royset

This paper introduces \textit{online bilevel optimization} in which a sequence of time-varying bilevel problems is revealed one after the other. We extend the known regret bounds for online single-level algorithms to the bilevel setting.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-10 Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , Parvin Nazari , Bojian Hou , Li Shen , Laura Balzano

In this work, we propose derivative-free framework for bilevel optimization. We consider both the upper and lower-level problems with bound constraints on the variables, as well as general nonlinear constraints, assuming that first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Edoardo Cesaroni , Giampaolo Liuzzi , Stefano Lucidi
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