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Diffusion models are a class of flexible generative models trained with an approximation to the log-likelihood objective. However, most use cases of diffusion models are not concerned with likelihoods, but instead with downstream objectives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Kevin Black , Michael Janner , Yilun Du , Ilya Kostrikov , Sergey Levine

Diffusion Models (DMs), as a leading class of generative models, offer key advantages for reinforcement learning (RL), including multi-modal expressiveness, stable training, and trajectory-level planning. This survey delivers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Changfu Xu , Jianxiong Guo , Yuzhu Liang , Haiyang Huang , Haodong Zou , Xi Zheng , Shui Yu , Xiaowen Chu , Jiannong Cao , Tian Wang

Instruction-based image editing has made a great process in using natural human language to manipulate the visual content of images. However, existing models are limited by the quality of the dataset and cannot accurately localize editing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Tiancheng Li , Jinxiu Liu , Huajun Chen , Qi Liu

Recent advances in diffusion models have led to impressive image generation capabilities, but aligning these models with human preferences remains challenging. Reward-based fine-tuning using models trained on human feedback improves…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Dmitrii Sorokin , Maksim Nakhodnov , Andrey Kuznetsov , Aibek Alanov

Diffusion models have emerged as powerful generative tools across various domains, yet tailoring pre-trained models to exhibit specific desirable properties remains challenging. While reinforcement learning (RL) offers a promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Fengyuan Dai , Zifeng Zhuang , Yufei Huang , Siteng Huang , Bangyan Liao , Donglin Wang , Fajie Yuan

Fine-tuning foundation models via reinforcement learning (RL) has proven promising for aligning to downstream objectives. In the case of diffusion models (DMs), though RL training improves alignment from early timesteps, critical issues…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-14 Roberto Barceló , Cristóbal Alcázar , Felipe Tobar

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), which aligns a diffusion model with input prompt, has become a crucial step in building reliable generative AI models. Most works in this area use a discrete-time formulation, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Hanyang Zhao , Haoxian Chen , Ji Zhang , David D. Yao , Wenpin Tang

Fine-tuning Diffusion Models remains an underexplored frontier in generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), especially when compared with the remarkable progress made in fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs). While cutting-edge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Huizhuo Yuan , Zixiang Chen , Kaixuan Ji , Quanquan Gu

Designing de novo 3D molecules with desirable properties remains a fundamental challenge in drug discovery and molecular engineering. While diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generating high-quality 3D molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Lianghong Chen , Dongkyu Eugene Kim , Mike Domaratzki , Pingzhao Hu

Diffusion models have been widely studied for removing unsafe content learned during pre-training. Existing methods require expensive supervised data, either unsafe-text paired with safe-image groundtruth or negative/positive image pairs,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Komal Kumar , Ankan Deria , Abhishek Basu , Fahad Shamshad , Hisham Cholakkal , Karthik Nandakumar

Reinforcement Learning from human feedback (RLHF) has been shown a promising direction for aligning generative models with human intent and has also been explored in recent works for alignment of diffusion generative models. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Hanyang Zhao , Haoxian Chen , Ji Zhang , David D. Yao , Wenpin Tang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has improved guided image generation with diffusion models by directly optimizing rewards that capture image quality, aesthetics, and instruction following capabilities. However, the resulting generative policies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Owen Oertell , Jonathan D. Chang , Yiyi Zhang , Kianté Brantley , Wen Sun

Diffusion-based models have achieved notable empirical successes in reinforcement learning (RL) due to their expressiveness in modeling complex distributions. Despite existing methods being promising, the key challenge of extending existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Dmitry Shribak , Chen-Xiao Gao , Yitong Li , Chenjun Xiao , Bo Dai

Recent research has shown that fine-tuning diffusion models (DMs) with arbitrary rewards, including non-differentiable ones, is feasible with reinforcement learning (RL) techniques, enabling flexible model alignment. However, applying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Zhiwei Jia , Yuesong Nan , Huixi Zhao , Gengdai Liu

Generative diffusion models (DM) have been extensively utilized in image super-resolution (ISR). Most of the existing methods adopt the denoising loss from DDPMs for model optimization. We posit that introducing reward feedback learning to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Xiaopeng Sun , Qinwei Lin , Yu Gao , Yujie Zhong , Chengjian Feng , Dengjie Li , Zheng Zhao , Jie Hu , Lin Ma

The probabilistic diffusion model (DM), generating content by inferencing through a recursive chain structure, has emerged as a powerful framework for visual generation. After pre-training on enormous data, the model needs to be properly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Tao Ren , Zishi Zhang , Jingyang Jiang , Zehao Li , Shentao Qin , Yi Zheng , Guanghao Li , Qianyou Sun , Yan Li , Jiafeng Liang , Xinping Li , Yijie Peng

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) holds promise as a means to learn high-reward policies from a static dataset, without the need for further environment interactions. However, a key challenge in offline RL lies in effectively stitching…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Siddarth Venkatraman , Shivesh Khaitan , Ravi Tej Akella , John Dolan , Jeff Schneider , Glen Berseth

We present Direct Reward Fine-Tuning (DRaFT), a simple and effective method for fine-tuning diffusion models to maximize differentiable reward functions, such as scores from human preference models. We first show that it is possible to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Kevin Clark , Paul Vicol , Kevin Swersky , David J Fleet

Diffusion models have shown an impressive ability to model complex data distributions, with several key advantages over GANs, such as stable training, better coverage of the training distribution's modes, and the ability to solve inverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Yinbo Chen , Oliver Wang , Richard Zhang , Eli Shechtman , Xiaolong Wang , Michael Gharbi

While one commonly trains large diffusion models by collecting datasets on target downstream tasks, it is often desired to align and finetune pretrained diffusion models with some reward functions that are either designed by experts or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zhen Liu , Tim Z. Xiao , Weiyang Liu , Yoshua Bengio , Dinghuai Zhang