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Recent studies have revealed that neural networks learn interpretable algorithms for many simple problems. However, little is known about how these algorithms emerge during training. In this article, I study the training dynamics of a small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Tiberiu Musat

Generalization of deep neural networks remains one of the main open problems in machine learning. Previous theoretical works focused on deriving tight bounds of model complexity, while empirical works revealed that neural networks exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-31 James Wang , Cheng-Lin Yang

A condensation transition was predicted for growing technological networks evolving by preferential attachment and competing quality of their nodes, as described by the fitness model. When this condensation occurs a node acquires a finite…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 Luca Ferretti , Ginestra Bianconi

Deep neural networks are widely known for their remarkable effectiveness across various tasks, with the consensus that deeper networks implicitly learn more complex data representations. This paper shows that sufficiently deep networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Wojciech Masarczyk , Mateusz Ostaszewski , Ehsan Imani , Razvan Pascanu , Piotr Miłoś , Tomasz Trzciński

Despite the phenomenal success of deep learning in recent years, there remains a gap in understanding the fundamental mechanics of neural nets. More research is focussed on handcrafting complex and larger networks, and the design decisions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-25 Saurav Basu , Koyel Mukherjee , Shrihari Vasudevan

Understanding the inductive bias and generalization properties of large overparametrized machine learning models requires to characterize the dynamics of the training algorithm. We study the learning dynamics of large two-layer neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-30 Andrea Montanari , Pierfrancesco Urbani

Compact neural networks are essential for affordable and power efficient deep learning solutions. Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) take compactification to the extreme by constraining both weights and activations to two levels, $\{+1, -1\}$.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Vishnu Raj , Nancy Nayak , Sheetal Kalyani

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained on low-dimensional tasks have been widely used to model functional biological networks. However, the solutions found by learning and the effect of initial connectivity are not well understood. Here,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-05-17 Friedrich Schuessler , Francesca Mastrogiuseppe , Alexis Dubreuil , Srdjan Ostojic , Omri Barak

Training neural networks is an optimization problem, and finding a decent set of parameters through gradient descent can be a difficult task. A host of techniques has been developed to aid this process before and during the training phase.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Divya Gaur , Joachim Folz , Andreas Dengel

Deep neural networks exhibit a simplicity bias, a well-documented tendency to favor simple functions over complex ones. In this work, we cast new light on this phenomenon through the lens of the Minimum Description Length principle,…

A leading hypothesis for the surprising generalization of neural networks is that the dynamics of gradient descent bias the model towards simple solutions, by searching through the solution space in an incremental order of complexity. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Daniel Gissin , Shai Shalev-Shwartz , Amit Daniely

We study large deviations in the context of stochastic gradient descent for one-hidden-layer neural networks with quadratic loss. We derive a quenched large deviation principle, where we condition on an initial weight measure, and an…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Christian Hirsch , Daniel Willhalm

The multi-stage phenomenon in the training loss curves of neural networks has been widely observed, reflecting the non-linearity and complexity inherent in the training process. In this work, we investigate the training dynamics of neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Zheng-An Chen , Tao Luo , GuiHong Wang

Small neural networks with a constrained number of trainable parameters, can be suitable resource-efficient candidates for many simple tasks, where now excessively large models are used. However, such models face several problems during the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Alexander Kovalenko , Pavel Kordík , Magda Friedjungová

Gradient-based learning in multi-layer neural networks displays a number of striking features. In particular, the decrease rate of empirical risk is non-monotone even after averaging over large batches. Long plateaus in which one observes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Raphaël Berthier , Andrea Montanari , Kangjie Zhou

Understanding the learning dynamics of neural networks is one of the key issues for the improvement of optimization algorithms as well as for the theoretical comprehension of why deep neural nets work so well today. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-18 Zhenyu Liao , Romain Couillet

Deep convolutional neural networks are generally regarded as robust function approximators. So far, this intuition is based on perturbations to external stimuli such as the images to be classified. Here we explore the robustness of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-27 Nicholas Cheney , Martin Schrimpf , Gabriel Kreiman

Linear layers in neural networks (NNs) trained by gradient descent can be expressed as a key-value memory system which stores all training datapoints and the initial weights, and produces outputs using unnormalised dot attention over the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Kazuki Irie , Róbert Csordás , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Deep neural networks (DNNs) at convergence consistently represent the training data in the last layer via a highly symmetric geometric structure referred to as neural collapse. This empirical evidence has spurred a line of theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Arthur Jacot , Peter Súkeník , Zihan Wang , Marco Mondelli

A recent series of theoretical works showed that the dynamics of neural networks with a certain initialisation are well-captured by kernel methods. Concurrent empirical work demonstrated that kernel methods can come close to the performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Maria Refinetti , Sebastian Goldt , Florent Krzakala , Lenka Zdeborová