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The scaling law of Large Language Models (LLMs) reveals a power-law relationship, showing diminishing return on performance as model scale increases. While training LLMs from scratch is resource-intensive, fine-tuning a pre-trained model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yiyun Zhou , Chang Yao , Jingyuan Chen

Fine-tuning is a crucial paradigm for adapting pre-trained large language models to downstream tasks. Recently, methods like Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) have been shown to effectively fine-tune LLMs with an extreme reduction in trainable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Reece Shuttleworth , Jacob Andreas , Antonio Torralba , Pratyusha Sharma

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a widely used parameter-efficient fine-tuning method for foundation models, but it suffers from parameter interference, resulting in suboptimal performance. Although Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)-based LoRA variants…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Heming Zou , Yunliang Zang , Wutong Xu , Yao Zhu , Xiangyang Ji

Large language models are often adapted using parameter-efficient techniques such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), formulated as $y = W_0x + BAx$, where $W_0$ is the pre-trained parameters and $x$ is the input to the adapted layer. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Ban , Kaiyi Ji

As one of the most popular parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods, low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is commonly applied to fine-tune large language models (LLMs). However, updating the weights of LoRA blocks effectively and expeditiously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Shuhua Shi , Shaohan Huang , Minghui Song , Zhoujun Li , Zihan Zhang , Haizhen Huang , Furu Wei , Weiwei Deng , Feng Sun , Qi Zhang

Large pre-trained models are commonly adapted to downstream tasks using parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), which injects small trainable low-rank matrices instead of updating all weights. While LoRA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nurbek Tastan , Stefanos Laskaridis , Martin Takac , Karthik Nandakumar , Samuel Horvath

Continual learning (CL), which requires the model to learn multiple tasks sequentially, is crucial for large language models (LLMs). Recently, low-rank adaptation~(LoRA), one of the most representative parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yan-Shuo Liang , Jia-Rui Chen , Wu-Jun Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are driving advancements in artificial intelligence by increasing the scale of model parameters, which has significantly enhanced generalization ability and unlocked new capabilities in practice. However, their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Chenxing Wei , Yao Shu , Ying Tiffany He , Fei Richard Yu

The fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled them to recently achieve milestones in natural language processing applications. The emergence of ever larger LLMs has paved the way for more efficient fine-tuning methods. Among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Christophe Tribes , Sacha Benarroch-Lelong , Peng Lu , Ivan Kobyzev

Recent advances in parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods, such as Low Rank Adaptation (LoRA), have gained significant attention for their ability to efficiently adapt large foundational models to various downstream tasks. These methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Rohan Sukumaran , Aarash Feizi , Adriana Romero-Sorian , Golnoosh Farnadi

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques, particularly Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), have become essential for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. While the recent FlyLoRA framework successfully leverages…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yuxin Yang , Haoran Zhang , Mingxuan Li , Jiachen Xu , Ruoxi Shen , Zhenyu Wang , Tianhao Liu , Siqi Chen , Weilin Huang

With the breakthrough of Transformer-based pre-trained models, the demand for fine-tuning (FT) to adapt the base pre-trained models to downstream applications continues to grow, so it is essential for service providers to reduce the cost of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Sheng Lin , Fangcheng Fu , Haoyang Li , Hao Ge , Xuanyu Wang , Jiawen Niu , Yaofeng Tu , Bin Cui

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has become the default approach to fine-tune large language models (LLMs) due to its significant reduction in trainable parameters. However, trainable parameter demand for LoRA increases with increasing model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Seyedarmin Azizi , Souvik Kundu , Massoud Pedram

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has become a widely used method for parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large-scale, pre-trained neural networks. However, LoRA and its extensions face several challenges, including the need for rank adaptivity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Steffen Schotthöfer , Emanuele Zangrando , Gianluca Ceruti , Francesco Tudisco , Jonas Kusch

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has been developed as an efficient approach for adapting large language models (LLMs) by fine-tuning two low-rank matrices, thereby reducing the number of trainable parameters. However, prior research indicates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lin Mu , Xiaoyu Wang , Li Ni , Yang Li , Zhize Wu , Peiquan Jin , Yiwen Zhang

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on many tasks is greatly limited by the knowledge learned during pre-training and stored in the model's parameters. Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a popular and efficient training technique for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Sergey Pletenev , Maria Marina , Daniil Moskovskiy , Vasily Konovalov , Pavel Braslavski , Alexander Panchenko , Mikhail Salnikov

Recently, pre-trained model and efficient parameter tuning have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing and high-level computer vision with the aid of masked modeling and prompt tuning. In low-level computer vision,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Donwon Park , Hayeon Kim , Se Young Chun

An important paradigm of natural language processing consists of large-scale pre-training on general domain data and adaptation to particular tasks or domains. As we pre-train larger models, full fine-tuning, which retrains all model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Edward J. Hu , Yelong Shen , Phillip Wallis , Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Yuanzhi Li , Shean Wang , Lu Wang , Weizhu Chen

The pretrain+fine-tune paradigm is foundational for deploying large language models (LLMs) across various downstream applications. Within this framework, Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) stands out for its parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Jingwei Xu , Junyu Lai , Yunpeng Huang

Continual fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) is hampered by the trade-off between efficiency and expressiveness. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) offers efficiency but constrains the model's ability to learn new tasks and transfer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Chenxu Wang , Yilin Lyu , Zicheng Sun , Liping Jing
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