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Large Language Models (LLMs), constrained by their auto-regressive nature, suffer from slow decoding. Speculative decoding methods have emerged as a promising solution to accelerate LLM decoding, attracting attention from both systems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xuliang Wang , Yuetao Chen , Maochan Zhen , Fang Liu , Xinzhou Zheng , Xingwu Liu , Hong Xu , Ming Li

Agentic multimodal large language models (MLLMs) (e.g., OpenAI o3 and Gemini Agentic Vision) achieve remarkable reasoning capabilities through iterative visual tool invocation. However, the cascaded perception, reasoning, and tool-calling…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Haoyu Huang , Jinfa Huang , Zhongwei Wan , Xiawu Zheng , Rongrong Ji , Jiebo Luo

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong performance by producing long chains of thought, but their inference costs are high and often generate redundant reasoning. Small language models (SLMs) are far more efficient, yet struggle on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Haojin Wang , Yike Wang , Shangbin Feng , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Yulia Tsvetkov

Despite their strong performance on reasoning tasks, large reasoning models (LRMs) often suffer from overthinking, producing unnecessarily long outputs and incurring high end-to-end latency, a significant limitation to their real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Rubing Yang , Huajun Bai , Song Liu , Guanghua Yu , Runzhi Fan , Yanbin Dang , Jiejing Zhang , Kai Liu , Jianchen Zhu , Peng Chen

Accelerating the inference of large language models (LLMs) has been a critical challenge in generative AI. Speculative decoding (SD) substantially improves LLM inference efficiency. However, its utility is limited by a fundamental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sibo Xiao , Jinyuan Fu , Zhongle Xie , Lidan Shou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been applied to automate cyber security activities and processes including cyber investigation and digital forensics. However, the use of such models for cyber investigation and digital forensics should…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jonathan Pan , Swee Liang Wong , Xin Wei Chia , Yidi Yuan

The autoregressive nature of conventional large language models (LLMs) inherently limits inference speed, as tokens are generated sequentially. While speculative and parallel decoding techniques attempt to mitigate this, they face…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Aishwarya P S , Pranav Ajit Nair , Yashas Samaga , Toby Boyd , Sanjiv Kumar , Prateek Jain , Praneeth Netrapalli

Speculative decoding accelerates inference in large language models (LLMs) by generating multiple draft tokens simultaneously. However, existing methods often struggle with token misalignment between the training and decoding phases,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Shijing Hu , Jingyang Li , Xingyu Xie , Zhihui Lu , Kim-Chuan Toh , Pan Zhou

Speculative Decoding (SD) is a technique to accelerate the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) by using a lower complexity draft model to propose candidate tokens verified by a larger target model. To further improve efficiency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Xiaofan Lu , Yixiao Zeng , Feiyang Ma , Zixu Yu , Marco Levorato

Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as promising approaches to enhance session-based recommendation (SBR), where both prompt-based and fine-tuning-based methods have been widely investigated to align LLMs with SBR. However, the former…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Ziyan Wang , Yingpeng Du , Zhu Sun , Haoyan Chua , Kaidong Feng , Wenya Wang , Jie Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with computational efficiency and error propagation in multi-step reasoning tasks. While recent advancements on prompting and post-training have enabled LLMs to perform step-wise reasoning, they…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yuan Sui , Yufei He , Tri Cao , Simeng Han , Yulin Chen , Bryan Hooi

Speculative decoding is a technique that uses multiple language models to accelerate infer- ence. Previous works have used an experi- mental approach to optimize the throughput of the inference pipeline, which involves LLM training and can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Amirhossein Bozorgkhoo , Igor Molybog

Unlike human reasoning in abstract conceptual spaces, large language models (LLMs) typically reason by generating discrete tokens, which potentially limit their expressive power. The recent work Soft Thinking has shown that LLMs' latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Kang Wang , Xiangyu Duan , Tianyi Du

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has markedly expanded their application across diverse domains, transforming how complex problems are approached and solved. Initially conceived to predict subsequent words in texts, these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Sumedh Rasal , E. J. Hauer

Process mining is increasingly using textual information associated with events to tackle tasks such as anomaly detection and process discovery. Such semantics-aware process mining focuses on what behavior should be possible in a process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Vira Pyrih , Adrian Rebmann , Han van der Aa

Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by using a fast draft model to generate tokens and a more accurate target model to verify them. Its performance depends on the $\textit{acceptance length}$, or number of draft tokens accepted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Avinash Kumar , Sujay Sanghavi , Poulami Das

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in adapting to various tasks when provided with task-specific instructions. However, LLMs using standard decoding strategies often struggle with deviations from the inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Jinliang Lu , Chen Wang , Jiajun Zhang

Autoregressive Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance in language tasks but face two significant bottlenecks: (1) quadratic complexity in the attention module as the number of tokens increases, and (2) limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Haoran You , Yichao Fu , Zheng Wang , Amir Yazdanbakhsh , Yingyan Celine Lin

Speculative decoding (SD) has emerged as a widely used paradigm to accelerate LLM inference without compromising quality. It works by first employing a compact model to draft multiple tokens efficiently and then using the target LLM to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Heming Xia , Yongqi Li , Jun Zhang , Cunxiao Du , Wenjie Li

Concerns regarding the propensity of Large Language Models (LLMs) to produce inaccurate outputs, also known as hallucinations, have escalated. Detecting them is vital for ensuring the reliability of applications relying on LLM-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Ernesto Quevedo , Jorge Yero , Rachel Koerner , Pablo Rivas , Tomas Cerny