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Fine-tuning helps large language models (LLM) recover degraded information and enhance task performance. Although Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is widely used and effective for fine-tuning, we have observed that its scaling factor can limit or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jun Liu , Zhenglun Kong , Peiyan Dong , Changdi Yang , Xuan Shen , Pu Zhao , Hao Tang , Geng Yuan , Wei Niu , Wenbin Zhang , Xue Lin , Dong Huang , Yanzhi Wang

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models in a parameter-efficient manner is widely studied for its effectiveness and efficiency. The popular method of low-rank adaptation (LoRA) offers a notable approach, hypothesizing that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Ning Ding , Xingtai Lv , Qiaosen Wang , Yulin Chen , Bowen Zhou , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a powerful method for fine-tuning large-scale foundation models. Despite its popularity, the theoretical understanding of LoRA has remained limited. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Tuan Truong , Chau Nguyen , Huy Nguyen , Minh Le , Trung Le , Nhat Ho

Catastrophic forgetting (CF) is a phenomenon that occurs in machine learning when a model forgets previously learned information while acquiring new knowledge for achieving a satisfactory performance in downstream tasks. As large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Yun Luo , Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Yafu Li , Jie Zhou , Yue Zhang

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is widely used for federated fine-tuning. Yet under non-IID settings, it can substantially underperform full-parameter fine-tuning. Through with-high-probability robustness analysis, we uncover that this gap can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hongyi Peng , Han Yu , Xiaoxiao Li , Qiang Yang

The creation of large-scale open domain reading comprehension data sets in recent years has enabled the development of end-to-end neural comprehension models with promising results. To use these models for domains with limited training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Y. Xu , X. Zhong , A. J. J. Yepes , J. H. Lau

In continual learning (CL), catastrophic forgetting often arises due to feature drift. This challenge is particularly prominent in the exemplar-free continual learning (EFCL) setting, where samples from previous tasks cannot be retained,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Xuan Liu , Xiaobin Chang

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), which leverages the insight that model updates typically reside in a low-dimensional space, has significantly improved the training efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) by updating neural network layers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Han Liu , Shanghao Shi , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik , Chongjie Zhang , Ning Zhang

Catastrophic forgetting in continual learning is often measured at the performance or last-layer representation level, overlooking the underlying mechanisms. We introduce a mechanistic framework that offers a geometric interpretation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sergi Masip , Gido M. van de Ven , Javier Ferrando , Tinne Tuytelaars

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has become a widely used mechanism for customizing diffusion models, enabling users to inject new visual concepts or styles through lightweight parameter updates. However, LoRAs can memorize training images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yu Zhe , Yang Jiayan , Wei Junhao , Yu-Lin Tsai , Wang Chen

Continual Learning research typically focuses on tackling the phenomenon of catastrophic forgetting in neural networks. Catastrophic forgetting is associated with an abrupt loss of knowledge previously learned by a model when the task, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-06 MohammadReza Davari , Nader Asadi , Sudhir Mudur , Rahaf Aljundi , Eugene Belilovsky

Effectively integrating molecular graph structures with Large Language Models (LLMs) is a key challenge in drug discovery. Most existing multi-modal alignment methods typically process these structures by fine-tuning the LLM or adding a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Tao Yin , Xiaohong Zhang , Jiacheng Zhang , Li Huang , Zhibin Zhang , Yuansong Zeng , Jin Xie , Meng Yan

Large Language Models (LLMs) must continuously learn and update knowledge to remain effective in dynamic real-world environments. While Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is widely used for such memory updates, existing studies mainly rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ziwen Xu , Haiwen Hong , Linsong Yu , Benglei Cui , Longtao Huang , Hui Xue , Ningyu Zhang

Efficient fine-tuning plays a fundamental role in modern large models, with low-rank adaptation emerging as a particularly promising approach. However, the existing variants of LoRA are hampered by limited expressiveness, a tendency to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Siwei Li , Yifan Yang , Yifei Shen , Fangyun Wei , Zongqing Lu , Lili Qiu , Yuqing Yang

Catastrophic forgetting in deep neural networks occurs when learning new tasks degrades performance on previously learned tasks due to knowledge overwriting. Among the approaches to mitigate this issue, regularization techniques aim to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Idan Mashiach , Oren Glickman , Tom Tirer

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods like Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) have become the dominant paradigm for adapting large pretrained models. We present a theoretical framework explaining an underexplored property: LoRA's inherent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Brady Steele

Among the widely used parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods, LoRA and its variants have gained considerable popularity because of avoiding additional inference costs. However, there still often exists an accuracy gap between these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Shih-Yang Liu , Chien-Yi Wang , Hongxu Yin , Pavlo Molchanov , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang , Kwang-Ting Cheng , Min-Hung Chen

Adapting large language models (LLMs) trained on broad organic chemistry to smaller, domain-specific reaction datasets is a key challenge in chemical and pharmaceutical R&D. Effective specialisation requires learning new reaction knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Jiayun Pang , Ahmed M. Zaitoun , Xacobe Couso Cambeiro , Ivan Vulić

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) enables efficient Continual Learning but often suffers from catastrophic forgetting due to destructive interference between tasks. Our analysis reveals that this degradation is primarily driven by antagonistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Yueer Zhou , Yichen Wu , Ying Wei

Large language models (LLMs) suffer from forgetting of upstream knowledge when fine-tuned. Despite efforts on mitigating forgetting, few have investigated how forgotten upstream examples are dependent on newly learned tasks. Insights on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xisen Jin , Xiang Ren