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Parameter-efficient tuning (PEFT) techniques like low-rank adaptation (LoRA) offer training efficiency on Large Language Models, but their impact on model performance remains limited. Recent efforts integrate LoRA and Mixture-of-Experts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Chongyang Gao , Kezhen Chen , Jinmeng Rao , Baochen Sun , Ruibo Liu , Daiyi Peng , Yawen Zhang , Xiaoyuan Guo , Jie Yang , VS Subrahmanian

Fine-tuning large-scale pre-trained models is prohibitively expensive in terms of computation and memory costs. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), a popular Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) method, offers an efficient solution by optimizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Tao Li , Zhengbao He , Yujun Li , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xiaolin Huang

Supervised fine-tuning is the most common method to adapt large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks, but full fine-tuning LLMs requires massive computational resources. Recently, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Xiangdi Meng , Damai Dai , Weiyao Luo , Zhe Yang , Shaoxiang Wu , Xiaochen Wang , Peiyi Wang , Qingxiu Dong , Liang Chen , Zhifang Sui

This paper develops an ensemble method for fine-tuning a language model to multiple datasets. Existing methods, such as quantized LoRA (QLoRA), are efficient when adapting to a single dataset. When training on multiple datasets of different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Dongyue Li , Ziniu Zhang , Lu Wang , Hongyang R. Zhang

Large language models are often adapted using parameter-efficient techniques such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), formulated as $y = W_0x + BAx$, where $W_0$ is the pre-trained parameters and $x$ is the input to the adapted layer. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Ban , Kaiyi Ji

With the increasing size of pre-trained language models (PLMs), fine-tuning all the parameters in the model is not efficient, especially when there are a large number of downstream tasks, which incur significant training and storage costs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Feiyu Zhang , Liangzhi Li , Junhao Chen , Zhouqiang Jiang , Bowen Wang , Yiming Qian

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) that was initially developed for exploiting pre-trained large language models has recently emerged as an effective approach to perform transfer learning on computer vision tasks. However, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Chenyu Lian , Hong-Yu Zhou , Yizhou Yu , Liansheng Wang

Fine-tuning large-scale pre-trained models is inherently a resource-intensive task. While it can enhance the capabilities of the model, it also incurs substantial computational costs, posing challenges to the practical application of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Yulong Mao , Kaiyu Huang , Changhao Guan , Ganglin Bao , Fengran Mo , Jinan Xu

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) methods have emerged as crucial techniques for adapting large pre-trained models to downstream tasks under computational and memory constraints. However, they face a fundamental challenge in balancing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Alessio Quercia , Arya Bangun , Ira Assent , Hanno Scharr

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a standard tool for parameter-efficient finetuning of large models. While it induces a small memory footprint, its training dynamics can be surprisingly complex as they depend on several hyperparameters such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Nan Chen , Soledad Villar , Soufiane Hayou

There has been a significant increase in the deployment of neural network models, presenting substantial challenges in model adaptation and fine-tuning. Efficient adaptation is crucial in maintaining model performance across diverse tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Maolin Wang , Xiangyu Zhao

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) and other parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods provide low-memory, storage-efficient solutions for personalizing text-to-image models. However, these methods offer little to no improvement in wall-clock…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Ethan Smith , Rami Seid , Alberto Hojel , Paramita Mishra , Jianbo Wu

Fine-tuning is the primary methodology for tailoring pre-trained large language models to specific tasks. As the model's scale and the diversity of tasks expand, parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods are of paramount importance. One of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Wenhan Xia , Chengwei Qin , Elad Hazan

Large pre-trained models are commonly adapted to downstream tasks using parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), which injects small trainable low-rank matrices instead of updating all weights. While LoRA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nurbek Tastan , Stefanos Laskaridis , Martin Takac , Karthik Nandakumar , Samuel Horvath

The increasing size of language models raises great research interests in parameter-efficient fine-tuning such as LoRA that freezes the pre-trained model, and injects small-scale trainable parameters for multiple downstream tasks (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Yunqi Zhu , Xuebing Yang , Yuanyuan Wu , Wensheng Zhang

Few-shot learning is the process of learning novel classes using only a few examples and it remains a challenging task in machine learning. Many sophisticated few-shot learning algorithms have been proposed based on the notion that networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Akihiro Nakamura , Tatsuya Harada

The growth of large language models underscores the need for parameter-efficient fine-tuning. Despite its popularity, LoRA encounters storage and computational challenges when deploying multiple task- or user-specific modules. To address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Klaudia Bałazy , Mohammadreza Banaei , Karl Aberer , Jacek Tabor

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) drives research to align its performance with full fine-tuning. However, significant challenges remain: (1) Simply increasing the rank size of LoRA does not effectively capture high-rank information, which leads…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Chuanyu Tang , Yilong Chen , Zhenyu Zhang , Junyuan Shang , Wenyuan Zhang , Yong Huang , Tingwen Liu

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) lowers the computational and memory overhead of fine-tuning large models by updating a low-dimensional subspace of the pre-trained weight matrix. Albeit efficient, LoRA exhibits suboptimal convergence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yilang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

Low-Rank Adapters (LoRAs) have transformed the fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) by enabling parameter-efficient updates. However, their widespread adoption remains limited by the reliance on GPU-based training. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Reza Arabpour , Haitz Sáez de Ocáriz Borde , Anastasis Kratsios