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The classical approach to measure the expressive power of deep neural networks with piecewise linear activations is based on counting their maximum number of linear regions. This complexity measure is quite relevant to understand general…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Yuuki Takai , Akiyoshi Sannai , Matthieu Cordonnier

This paper studies the expressive power of graph neural networks falling within the message-passing framework (GNNmp). Two results are presented. First, GNNmp are shown to be Turing universal under sufficient conditions on their depth,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-29 Andreas Loukas

We consider a deep ReLU / Leaky ReLU student network trained from the output of a fixed teacher network of the same depth, with Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). The student network is \emph{over-realized}: at each layer $l$, the number…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Yuandong Tian

We study expressive power of shallow and deep neural networks with piece-wise linear activation functions. We establish new rigorous upper and lower bounds for the network complexity in the setting of approximations in Sobolev spaces. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Dmitry Yarotsky

Deep neural networks' remarkable ability to correctly fit training data when optimized by gradient-based algorithms is yet to be fully understood. Recent theoretical results explain the convergence for ReLU networks that are wider than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Asaf Noy , Yi Xu , Yonathan Aflalo , Lihi Zelnik-Manor , Rong Jin

For any positive integer $k$, there exist neural networks with $\Theta(k^3)$ layers, $\Theta(1)$ nodes per layer, and $\Theta(1)$ distinct parameters which can not be approximated by networks with $\mathcal{O}(k)$ layers unless they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-31 Matus Telgarsky

Set representation has become ubiquitous in deep learning for modeling the inductive bias of neural networks that are insensitive to the input order. DeepSets is the most widely used neural network architecture for set representation. It…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Peihao Wang , Shenghao Yang , Shu Li , Zhangyang Wang , Pan Li

We survey results on neural network expressivity described in "On the Expressive Power of Deep Neural Networks". The paper motivates and develops three natural measures of expressiveness, which all display an exponential dependence on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-28 Maithra Raghu , Ben Poole , Jon Kleinberg , Surya Ganguli , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

We discuss the expressive power of neural networks which use the non-smooth ReLU activation function $\varrho(x) = \max\{0,x\}$ by analyzing the approximation theoretic properties of such networks. The existing results mainly fall into two…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-04-10 Felix Voigtlaender , Philipp Petersen

Neural network certification methods heavily rely on convex relaxations to provide robustness guarantees. However, these relaxations are often imprecise: even the most accurate single-neuron relaxation is incomplete for general ReLU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yuhao Mao , Yani Zhang , Martin Vechev

In this paper, we investigate the expressivity and approximation properties of deep neural networks employing the ReLU$^k$ activation function for $k \geq 2$. Although deep ReLU networks can approximate polynomials effectively, deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Juncai He , Tong Mao , Jinchao Xu

We study the expressivity of rational neural networks (RationalNets) through the lens of algebraic geometry. We consider rational functions that arise from a given RationalNet to be tuples of fractions of homogeneous polynomials of fixed…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Alexandros Grosdos , Elina Robeva , Maksym Zubkov

Convolutional rectifier networks, i.e. convolutional neural networks with rectified linear activation and max or average pooling, are the cornerstone of modern deep learning. However, despite their wide use and success, our theoretical…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Nadav Cohen , Amnon Shashua

Solving non-convex, NP-hard optimization problems is crucial for training machine learning models, including neural networks. However, non-convexity often leads to black-box machine learning models with unclear inner workings. While convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Karthik Prakhya , Tolga Birdal , Alp Yurtsever

This theoretical paper is devoted to developing a rigorous theory for demystifying the global convergence phenomenon in a challenging scenario: learning over-parameterized Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) nets for very high dimensional dataset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Peng He

Neural networks are a powerful class of functions that can be trained with simple gradient descent to achieve state-of-the-art performance on a variety of applications. Despite their practical success, there is a paucity of results that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-06 Bo Xie , Yingyu Liang , Le Song

We investigate the complexity of deep neural networks (DNN) that represent piecewise linear (PWL) functions. In particular, we study the number of linear regions, i.e. pieces, that a PWL function represented by a DNN can attain, both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Thiago Serra , Christian Tjandraatmadja , Srikumar Ramalingam

Neural networks have proved an effective means of learning control policies for autonomous systems, but these learned policies are difficult to understand due to the black-box nature of neural networks. This lack of interpretability makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hector Woods , Philippa Ryan , Rob Alexander

Along with the rapid development of deep learning in practice, the theoretical explanations for its success become urgent. Generalization and expressivity are two widely used measurements to quantify theoretical behaviors of deep learning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-26 Shao-Bo Lin

Recent works have demonstrated that increasing model capacity through width in over-parameterized neural networks leads to a decrease in test risk. For neural networks, however, model capacity can also be increased through depth, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Eshaan Nichani , Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Caroline Uhler