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Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a machine learning framework for artificially intelligent systems to solve a variety of complex problems. Recent years has seen a surge of successes solving challenging games and smaller domain problems,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Florian Richter , Ryan K. Orosco , Michael C. Yip

In online advertising, recommender systems try to propose items from a list of products to potential customers according to their interests. Such systems have been increasingly deployed in E-commerce due to the rapid growth of information…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Milad Vaali Esfahaani , Yanbo Xue , Peyman Setoodeh

Reinforcement learning (RL) to improve code review comment generation requires handling unstructured outputs, making reinforcement learning (RL) feedback challenging. The two main RL approaches, namely RL with Verifiable Feedback (RLVR) and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Manav Nitin Kapadnis , Atharva Naik , Carolyn Rose

Conventional recommendation systems (RSs) are typically optimized to enhance performance metrics uniformly across all training samples. This makes it hard for data-driven RSs to cater to a diverse set of users due to the varying properties…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Kirandeep Kaur , Chirag Shah

This paper explores the application and effectiveness of Test-Time Training (TTT) layers in improving the performance of recommendation systems. We developed a model, TTT4Rec, utilizing TTT-Linear as the feature extraction layer. Our tests…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Tianyu Zhan , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Jiwei Li

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a popular paradigm for addressing sequential decision tasks in which the agent has only limited environmental feedback. Despite many advances over the past three decades, learning in many domains still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Sanmit Narvekar , Bei Peng , Matteo Leonetti , Jivko Sinapov , Matthew E. Taylor , Peter Stone

Safe reinforcement learning deals with mitigating or avoiding unsafe situations by reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Safe RL approaches are based on specific risk representations for particular problems or domains. In order to analyze…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Leonardo Villalobos-Arias , Derek Martin , Abhijeet Krishnan , Madeleine Gagné , Colin M. Potts , Arnav Jhala

Conversational recommender systems (CRS) enable the traditional recommender systems to explicitly acquire user preferences towards items and attributes through interactive conversations. Reinforcement learning (RL) is widely adopted to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Yang Deng , Yaliang Li , Fei Sun , Bolin Ding , Wai Lam

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning which is employed to solve various sequential decision making problems without proper supervision. Due to the recent advancement of deep learning, the newly proposed Deep-RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Dhruv Ramani

The large-scale integration of intermittent renewable energy resources introduces increased uncertainty and volatility to the supply side of power systems, thereby complicating system operation and control. Recently, data-driven approaches,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-02 Peipei Yu , Zhenyi Wang , Hongcai Zhang , Yonghua Song

Modern recommender systems aim to improve user experience. As reinforcement learning (RL) naturally fits this objective -- maximizing an user's reward per session -- it has become an emerging topic in recommender systems. Developing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Xin Xin , Tiago Pimentel , Alexandros Karatzoglou , Pengjie Ren , Konstantina Christakopoulou , Zhaochun Ren

Due to its nature of learning from dynamic interactions and planning for long-run performance, reinforcement learning (RL) recently has received much attention in interactive recommender systems (IRSs). IRSs usually face the large discrete…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Chaoyang Wang , Zhiqiang Guo , Jianjun Li , Peng Pan , Guohui Li

Flexibility design problems are a class of problems that appear in strategic decision-making across industries, where the objective is to design a ($e.g.$, manufacturing) network that affords flexibility and adaptivity. The underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Yehua Wei , Lei Zhang , Ruiyi Zhang , Shijing Si , Hao Zhang , Lawrence Carin

This study proposes a safe and sample-efficient reinforcement learning (RL) framework to address two major challenges in developing applicable RL algorithms: satisfying safety constraints and efficiently learning with limited samples. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Hongyi Chen , Changliu Liu

Since the creation of the Web, recommender systems (RSs) have been an indispensable mechanism in information filtering. State-of-the-art RSs primarily depend on categorical features, which ecoded by embedding vectors, resulting in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Hung Vinh Tran , Tong Chen , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Zi Huang , Lizhen Cui , Hongzhi Yin

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled more semantic-aware recommendations through natural language generation. Existing LLM for recommendation (LLM4Rec) methods mostly operate in a System 1-like manner, relying on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Qihang Yu , Kairui Fu , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Xinhui Wu , Chen Lin , Feng Wei , Bo Zheng , Fei Wu

The training paradigm integrating large language models (LLM) is gradually reshaping sequential recommender systems (SRS) and has shown promising results. However, most existing LLM-enhanced methods rely on rich textual information on the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Dugang Liu , Shenxian Xian , Xiaolin Lin , Xiaolian Zhang , Hong Zhu , Yuan Fang , Zhen Chen , Zhong Ming

Rubric-based rewards offer a promising way to extend reinforcement learning (RL) for large language models beyond tasks with automatically verifiable answers. However, scaling rubric-based RL remains challenging: existing approaches often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaoyuan Li , Keqin Bao , Moxin Li , Yubo Ma , Yichang Zhang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Dayiheng Liu

Many modern sequential recommender systems use deep neural networks, which can effectively estimate the relevance of items but require a lot of time to train. Slow training increases expenses, hinders product development timescales and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Aleksandr Petrov , Craig Macdonald

Reinforcement learning (RL) for mathematical reasoning can suffer from reward sparsity: for challenging problems, LLM fails to sample any correct trajectories, preventing RL from receiving meaningful positive feedback. At the same time,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yangzhen Wu , Shanda Li , Zixin Wen , Xin Zhou , Ameet Talwalkar , Yiming Yang , Wenhao Huang , Tianle Cai