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Reliable autonomous driving relies on large-scale, well-labeled data and robust models. However, manual data collection is resource-intensive, and traditional simulation suffers from a persistent reality gap. While recent generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kaicong Huang , Talha Azfar , Weisong Shi , Ruimin Ke

Although digital twins have recently emerged as a clear alternative for reliable asset representations, most of the solutions and tools available for the development of digital twins are tailored to specific environments. Furthermore,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Julia Robles , Cristian Martín , Manuel Díaz

The concept of the Digital Twin, which in the context of this paper is the virtual representation of a production system or its components, can be used as a "digital playground" to master the increasing complexity of these assets. One of…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Daniel Dittler , Valentin Stegmaier , Nasser Jazdi , Michael Weyrich

For driver observation frameworks, clean datasets collected in controlled simulated environments often serve as the initial training ground. Yet, when deployed under real driving conditions, such simulator-trained models quickly face the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Walter Morales-Alvarez , Novel Certad , Alina Roitberg , Rainer Stiefelhagen , Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

The development of Digital Twins (DTs) represents a transformative advance for simulating and optimizing complex systems in a controlled digital space. Despite their potential, the challenge of constructing DTs that accurately replicate and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-21 Longfei Ma , Nan Cheng , Xiucheng Wang , Jiong Chen , Yinjun Gao , Dongxiao Zhang , Jun-Jie Zhang

Autonomous driving systems (ADSs) promise improved transportation efficiency and safety, yet ensuring their reliability in complex real-world environments remains a critical challenge. Effective testing is essential to validate ADS…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yihan Liao , Jingyu Zhang , Jacky Keung , Yan Xiao , Yurou Dai

Central to the digital transformation of the process industry are Digital Twins (DTs), virtual replicas of physical manufacturing systems that combine sensor data with sophisticated data-based or physics-based models, or a combination…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Michael Mayr , Georgios C. Chasparis , Josef Küng

Autonomous driving has been the subject of increased interest in recent years both in industry and in academia. Serious efforts are being pursued to address legal, technical and logistical problems and make autonomous cars a viable option…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Nan Li , Dave Oyler , Mengxuan Zhang , Yildiray Yildiz , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Anouck Girard

Safe deployment of self-driving cars (SDC) necessitates thorough simulated and in-field testing. Most testing techniques consider virtualized SDCs within a simulation environment, whereas less effort has been directed towards assessing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Andrea Stocco , Brian Pulfer , Paolo Tonella

Achieving fully autonomous driving systems requires learning rational decisions in a wide span of scenarios, including safety-critical and out-of-distribution ones. However, such cases are underrepresented in real-world corpus collected by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Haochen Tian , Tianyu Li , Haochen Liu , Jiazhi Yang , Yihang Qiu , Guang Li , Junli Wang , Yinfeng Gao , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Hangjun Ye , Tieniu Tan , Long Chen , Hongyang Li

Perception is a cornerstone of autonomous driving, enabling vehicles to understand their surroundings and make safe, reliable decisions. Developing robust perception algorithms requires large-scale, high-quality datasets that cover diverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Dominik Rößle , Xujun Xie , Adithya Mohan , Venkatesh Thirugnana Sambandham , Daniel Cremers , Torsten Schön

A digital twin can be defined as an adaptive model of a complex physical system. Recent advances in computational pipelines, multiphysics solvers, artificial intelligence, big data cybernetics, data processing and management tools bring the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-07 Adil Rasheed , Omer San , Trond Kvamsdal

As urban areas grapple with unprecedented challenges stemming from population growth and climate change, the emergence of urban digital twins offers a promising solution. This paper presents a case study focusing on Sydney's urban digital…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Ammar Sohail , Bojie Shen , Muhammad Aamir Cheema , Mohammed Eunus Ali , Anwaar Ulhaq , Muhammad Ali Babar , Asama Qureshi

Horizontal curves are often associated with roadway crashes due to speed misjudgment and loss of control. With the growing adoption of autonomous and connected vehicles, the accurate estimation of safe speed at curves is becoming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-21 Araf Rahman , M. Sabbir Salek , Mashrur Chowdhury , Wayne A. Sarasua

We describe a software framework and a hardware platform used in tandem for the design and analysis of robot autonomy algorithms in simulation and reality. The software, which is open source, containerized, and operating system (OS)…

Digital Twin was introduced over a decade ago, as an innovative all-encompassing tool, with perceived benefits including real-time monitoring, simulation and forecasting. However, the theoretical framework and practical implementations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Angira Sharma , Edward Kosasih , Jie Zhang , Alexandra Brintrup , Anisoara Calinescu

Diffusion models have become a popular choice for decision-making tasks in robotics, and more recently, are also being considered for solving autonomous driving tasks. However, their applications and evaluations in autonomous driving remain…

Cooperation of automated vehicles (AVs) can improve safety, efficiency and comfort in traffic. Digital twins of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) play an important role in monitoring, managing and improving traffic.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Raphael van Kempen , Laurenz Adrian Heidrich , Bastian Lampe , Timo Woopen , Lutz Eckstein

With growing complexity and criticality of automated driving functions in road traffic and their operational design domains (ODD), there is increasing demand for covering significant proportions of development, validation, and verification…

Urban Digital Twins (UDTs) have become essential for managing cities and integrating complex, heterogeneous data from diverse sources. Creating UDTs involves challenges at multiple process stages, including acquiring accurate 3D source…

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