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Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a commonly used approach for enhancing large language models (LLMs) with relevant and up-to-date information. However, the retrieved sources can often contain conflicting information and it remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Arie Cattan , Alon Jacovi , Ori Ram , Jonathan Herzig , Roee Aharoni , Sasha Goldshtein , Eran Ofek , Idan Szpektor , Avi Caciularu

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced intelligent systems. Unfortunately, LLMs often face knowledge conflicts between internal memory and retrieved external information, arising from misinformation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jiatai Wang , Zhiwei Xu , Di Jin , Xuewen Yang , Tao Li

Large language models (LLMs) often encounter knowledge conflicts, scenarios where discrepancy arises between the internal parametric knowledge of LLMs and non-parametric information provided in the prompt context. In this work we ask what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yike Wang , Shangbin Feng , Heng Wang , Weijia Shi , Vidhisha Balachandran , Tianxing He , Yulia Tsvetkov

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) have powered many applications. However, they are likely to suffer from knowledge conflict. In this paper, we propose a new type of knowledge conflict -- Tool-Memory Conflict (TMC), where the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Jiali Cheng , Rui Pan , Hadi Amiri

Retrieval-Augmented Language Models (RALMs) have significantly improved performance in open-domain question answering (QA) by leveraging external knowledge. However, RALMs still struggle with unanswerable queries, where the retrieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Seong-Il Park , Seung-Woo Choi , Na-Hyun Kim , Jay-Yoon Lee

By providing external information to large language models (LLMs), tool augmentation (including retrieval augmentation) has emerged as a promising solution for addressing the limitations of LLMs' static parametric memory. However, how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Jian Xie , Kai Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Renze Lou , Yu Su

Retrieval augmented generation (RAG), while effectively integrating external knowledge to address the inherent limitations of large language models (LLMs), can be hindered by imperfect retrieval that contain irrelevant, misleading, or even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Fei Wang , Xingchen Wan , Ruoxi Sun , Jiefeng Chen , Sercan Ö. Arık

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of applications especially when augmented by external knowledge through retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Despite their widespread adoption, recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tianzhe Zhao , Jiaoyan Chen , Shuxiu Zhang , Haiping Zhu , Qika Lin , Jun Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with retrieval mechanisms have demonstrated significant potential in fact-checking tasks by integrating external knowledge. However, their reliability decreases when confronted with conflicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Ziyu Ge , Yuhao Wu , Daniel Wai Kit Chin , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Rui Cao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates many problems of fully parametric language models, such as temporal degradation, hallucinations, and lack of grounding. In RAG, the model's knowledge can be updated from documents provided in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Evgenii Kortukov , Alexander Rubinstein , Elisa Nguyen , Seong Joon Oh

Large Language Models (LLMs) encode vast world knowledge across multiple languages, yet their internal beliefs are often unevenly distributed across linguistic spaces. When external evidence contradicts these language-dependent memories,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiaqi Zhao , Qiang Huang , Haodong Chen , Xiaoxing You , Jun Yu

Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hua Ye , Siyuan Chen , Ziqi Zhong , Canran Xiao , Haoliang Zhang , Yuhan Wu , Fei Shen

The integration of external knowledge through Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become foundational in enhancing large language models (LLMs) for knowledge-intensive tasks. However, existing RAG paradigms often overlook the cognitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Yu Wang , Shiwan Zhao , Zhihu Wang , Ming Fan , Xicheng Zhang , Yubo Zhang , Zhengfan Wang , Heyuan Huang , Ting Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful framework for enhancing the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating retrieval-based methods with generative models. As external knowledge repositories…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shuyi Liu , Yuming Shang , Xi Zhang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods are viable solutions for addressing the static memory limits of pre-trained language models. Nevertheless, encountering conflicting sources of information within the retrieval context is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Quang Hieu Pham , Hoang Ngo , Anh Tuan Luu , Dat Quoc Nguyen

Large language models (LLMs) can store a significant amount of factual knowledge in their parameters. However, their parametric knowledge may conflict with the information provided in the context. Such conflicts can lead to undesirable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yu Zhao , Xiaotang Du , Giwon Hong , Aryo Pradipta Gema , Alessio Devoto , Hongru Wang , Xuanli He , Kam-Fai Wong , Pasquale Minervini

Knowledge conflicts commonly arise across diverse sources, and their prevalence has increased with the advent of LLMs. When dealing with conflicts between multiple contexts, also known as \emph{inter-context knowledge conflicts}, LLMs are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Xianda Zheng , Zijian Huang , Meng-Fen Chiang , Michael J. Witbrock , Kaiqi Zhao

This survey provides an in-depth analysis of knowledge conflicts for large language models (LLMs), highlighting the complex challenges they encounter when blending contextual and parametric knowledge. Our focus is on three categories of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Rongwu Xu , Zehan Qi , Zhijiang Guo , Cunxiang Wang , Hongru Wang , Yue Zhang , Wei Xu

Large language models (LLMs) draw on both contextual information and parametric memory, yet these sources can conflict. Prior studies have largely examined this issue in contextual question answering, implicitly assuming that tasks should…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Kaiser Sun , Fan Bai , Mark Dredze

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems implicitly assume mutual consistency among retrieved documents -- an assumption that frequently fails in practice. We present ConflictRAG, a conflict-aware RAG framework that detects, classifies,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chenyu Wang , Yingmin Liu , Yang Shu
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