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Modern Language Models (LMs) are capable of following long and complex instructions that enable a large and diverse set of user requests. While Information Retrieval (IR) models use these LMs as the backbone of their architectures,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Orion Weller , Benjamin Chang , Sean MacAvaney , Kyle Lo , Arman Cohan , Benjamin Van Durme , Dawn Lawrie , Luca Soldaini

Retrieval systems generally focus on web-style queries that are short and underspecified. However, advances in language models have facilitated the nascent rise of retrieval models that can understand more complex queries with diverse…

Instruction-following capabilities in LLMs have progressed significantly, enabling more complex user interactions through detailed prompts. However, retrieval systems have not matched these advances, most of them still relies on traditional…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Jianqun Zhou , Yuanlei Zheng , Wei Chen , Qianqian Zheng , Hui Su , Wei Zhang , Rui Meng , Xiaoyu Shen

Exploratory searches are characterized by under-specified goals and evolving query intents. In such scenarios, retrieval models that can capture user-specified nuances in query intent and adapt results accordingly are desirable --…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Piyush Maheshwari , Sheshera Mysore , Hamed Zamani

We introduce IFIR, the first comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate instruction-following information retrieval (IR) in expert domains. IFIR includes 2,426 high-quality examples and covers eight subsets across four specialized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Tingyu Song , Guo Gan , Mingsheng Shang , Yilun Zhao

Table Retrieval (TR) has traditionally been formulated as an ad-hoc retrieval problem, where relevance is primarily determined by topical semantic similarity. With the growing adoption of LLM-based agentic systems, access to structured data…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Rihui Jin , Yuchen Lu , Ting Zhang , Jun Wang , Kuicai Dong , Zhaocheng Du , Dongping Liu , Gang Wang , Yong Liu , Guilin Qi

Retriever-augmented instruction-following models are attractive alternatives to fine-tuned approaches for information-seeking tasks such as question answering (QA). By simply prepending retrieved documents in its input along with an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Vaibhav Adlakha , Parishad BehnamGhader , Xing Han Lu , Nicholas Meade , Siva Reddy

Recent studies indicate that dense retrieval models struggle to perform well on a wide variety of retrieval tasks that lack dedicated training data, as different retrieval tasks often entail distinct search intents. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Kaihang Pan , Juncheng Li , Wenjie Wang , Hao Fei , Hongye Song , Wei Ji , Jun Lin , Xiaozhong Liu , Tat-Seng Chua , Siliang Tang

Instruction-tuned language models (LM) are able to respond to imperative commands, providing a more natural user interface compared to their base counterparts. In this work, we present Promptriever, the first retrieval model able to be…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Orion Weller , Benjamin Van Durme , Dawn Lawrie , Ashwin Paranjape , Yuhao Zhang , Jack Hessel

Recent information retrieval (IR) models are pre-trained and instruction-tuned on massive datasets and tasks, enabling them to perform well on a wide range of tasks and potentially generalize to unseen tasks with instructions. However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Weiwei Sun , Zhengliang Shi , Jiulong Wu , Lingyong Yan , Xinyu Ma , Yiding Liu , Min Cao , Dawei Yin , Zhaochun Ren

In a conversation, a helpful assistant must reliably follow user directives, even as they refine, modify, or contradict earlier requests. Yet most instruction-following benchmarks focus on single-turn or short multi-turn scenarios, leaving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Beatriz Canaverde , Duarte M. Alves , José Pombal , Giuseppe Attanasio , André F. T. Martins

We introduce INSTRUCTOR, a new method for computing text embeddings given task instructions: every text input is embedded together with instructions explaining the use case (e.g., task and domain descriptions). Unlike encoders from prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Hongjin Su , Weijia Shi , Jungo Kasai , Yizhong Wang , Yushi Hu , Mari Ostendorf , Wen-tau Yih , Noah A. Smith , Luke Zettlemoyer , Tao Yu

Despite the fact that large language models (LLMs) show exceptional skill in instruction following tasks, this strength can turn into a vulnerability when the models are required to disregard certain instructions. Instruction-following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yerin Hwang , Yongil Kim , Jahyun Koo , Taegwan Kang , Hyunkyung Bae , Kyomin Jung

We introduce VisIT-Bench (Visual InsTruction Benchmark), a benchmark for evaluation of instruction-following vision-language models for real-world use. Our starting point is curating 70 'instruction families' that we envision instruction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Yonatan Bitton , Hritik Bansal , Jack Hessel , Rulin Shao , Wanrong Zhu , Anas Awadalla , Josh Gardner , Rohan Taori , Ludwig Schmidt

Instruction following is a critical ability for Large Language Models to perform downstream tasks. The standard approach to instruction tuning has relied on a specific phase of supervised fine-tuning over curated instruction datasets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 David Ponce , Thierry Etchegoyhen

Exclusion is an important and universal linguistic skill that humans use to express what they do not want. However, in information retrieval community, there is little research on exclusionary retrieval, where users express what they do not…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Wenhao Zhang , Mengqi Zhang , Shiguang Wu , Jiahuan Pei , Zhaochun Ren , Maarten de Rijke , Zhumin Chen , Pengjie Ren

Despite widespread deployment of Large Language Models, systematic evaluation of instruction-following capabilities remains challenging. While comprehensive benchmarks exist, focused assessments that quickly diagnose specific instruction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Richard J. Young , Brandon Gillins , Alice M. Matthews

One of the key strengths of Large Language Models (LLMs) is their ability to interact with humans by generating appropriate responses to given instructions. This ability, known as instruction-following capability, has established a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Hyeonseok Moon , Jaehyung Seo , Seungyoon Lee , Chanjun Park , Heuiseok Lim

Large language models are able to perform a task by conditioning on a few input-output demonstrations - a paradigm known as in-context learning. We show that language models can explicitly infer an underlying task from a few demonstrations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Or Honovich , Uri Shaham , Samuel R. Bowman , Omer Levy

We study the problem of retrieval with instructions, where users of a retrieval system explicitly describe their intent along with their queries. We aim to develop a general-purpose task-aware retrieval system using multi-task instruction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Akari Asai , Timo Schick , Patrick Lewis , Xilun Chen , Gautier Izacard , Sebastian Riedel , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Wen-tau Yih
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