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With the rise of software-as-a-service and microservice architectures, RESTful APIs are now ubiquitous in mobile and web applications. A service can have tens or hundreds of API methods, making it a challenge for programmers to find the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Zheng Guo , David Cao , Davin Tjong , Jean Yang , Cole Schlesinger , Nadia Polikarpova

Ensuring the consistent usage of formatting conventions is an important aspect of modern software quality assurance. While formatting convention violations can be automatically detected by format checkers implemented in linters, there is no…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Benjamin Loriot , Fernanda Madeiral , Martin Monperrus

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents increasingly rely on APIs to operate complex web applications, but rapid evolution often leads to incomplete or inconsistent API documentation. Existing work falls into two categories: (1) static,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yanjing Yang , Chenxing Zhong , Ke Han , Zeru Cheng , Jinwei Xu , Xin Zhou , He Zhang , Bohan Liu

Existing REST API testing tools are typically evaluated using code coverage and crash-based fault metrics. However, recent LLM-based approaches increasingly generate tests from NL requirements to validate functional behaviour, making…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Leon Kogler , Stefan Hangler , Maximilian Ehrhart , Benedikt Dornauer , Roland Wuersching , Peter Schrammel

Many cloud services provide REST API accessible to client applications. However, developers often identify specification violations only during testing, as error messages typically lack the detail necessary for effective diagnosis.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Katsuki Yamagishi , Norihiro Yoshida , Erina Makihara , Katsuro Inoue

Java platform provides various APIs to facilitate secure coding. However, correctly using security APIs is usually challenging for developers who lack cybersecurity training. Prior work shows that many developers misuse security APIs; such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Ying Zhang , Mahir Kabir , Ya Xiao , Danfeng , Yao , Na Meng

RESTful APIs are an increasingly common way to expose software systems functionality and it is therefore of high interest to find methods to automatically test and verify such APIs. To lower the barrier for industry adoption, such methods…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Stefan Karlsson , Adnan Causevic , Daniel Sundmark

Modern software development relies heavily on Application Programming Interface (API) libraries. However, there are often certain constraints on using API elements in such libraries. Failing to follow such constraints (API misuse) could…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Tam The Nguyen , Phong Minh Vu , Tung Thanh Nguyen

Context based API recommendation is an important way to help developers find the needed APIs effectively and efficiently. For effective API recommendation, we need not only a joint view of both structural and textual code information, but…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Chi Chen , Xin Peng , Zhenchang Xing , Jun Sun , Xin Wang , Yifan Zhao , Wenyun Zhao

The Java libraries JCA and JSSE offer cryptographic APIs to facilitate secure coding. When developers misuse some of the APIs, their code becomes vulnerable to cyber-attacks. To eliminate such vulnerabilities, people built tools to detect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Ying Zhang , Ya Xiao , Md Mahir Asef Kabir , Danfeng , Yao , Na Meng

The resurgence of autonomous agents built using large language models (LLMs) to solve complex real-world tasks has brought increased focus on LLMs' fundamental ability of tool or function calling. At the core of these agents, an LLM must…

The implementation of complex software systems usually depends on low-level frameworks or third-party libraries. During their evolution, the APIs adding and removing behaviors may cause unexpected compatibility problems. So, precisely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Jiwei Yan , Jinhao Huang , Hengqin Yang , Jun Yan

Modern web services rely heavily on REST APIs, typically documented using the OpenAPI specification. The widespread adoption of this standard has resulted in the development of many black-box testing tools that generate tests based on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Myeongsoo Kim , Saurabh Sinha , Alessandro Orso

Modern web applications rely heavily on client-side API calls to fetch data, render content, and communicate with backend services. However, the quality of these network interactions (redundant requests, missing cache headers, oversized…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Ali Hassaan Mughal , Muhammad Bilal , Noor Fatima

As REST APIs have become widespread in modern web services, comprehensive testing of these APIs is increasingly crucial. Because of the vast search space of operations, parameters, and parameter values, along with their dependencies and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Tyler Stennett , Myeongsoo Kim , Saurabh Sinha , Alessandro Orso

Modern web applications make extensive use of API calls to update the UI state in response to user events or server-side changes. For such applications, API-level testing can play an important role, in-between unit-level testing and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Rahulkrishna Yandrapally , Saurabh Sinha , Rachel Tzoref-Brill , Ali Mesbah

Developers build on Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to reuse existing functionalities of code libraries. Despite the benefits of reusing established libraries (e.g., time savings, high quality), developers may diverge from the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Sebastian Nielebock , Paul Blockhaus , Jacob Krüger , Frank Ortmeier

Recent developments in the world of services on the Web show that both the number of available Web APIs as well as the applications built on top is constantly increasing. This trend is commonly attributed to the wide adoption of the REST…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Frederik Buelthoff , Maria Maleshkova

REpresentation State Transfer (REST) is an architectural style for designing web applications that enable scalable, stateless communication between clients and servers via common HTTP techniques. Web APIs that employ the REST style are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Sida Deng , Rubing Huang , Man Zhang , Chenhui Cui , Dave Towey , Rongcun Wang

Lack of experience, inadequate documentation, and sub-optimal API design frequently cause developers to make mistakes when re-using third-party implementations. Such API misuses can result in unintended behavior, performance losses, or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Sebastian Nielebock , Robert Heumüller , Kevin Michael Schott , Frank Ortmeier