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Large language models (LLMs) can sometimes report the strategies they actually use to solve tasks, yet at other times seem unable to recognize those strategies that govern their behavior. This suggests a limited degree of metacognition -…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Li Ji-An , Hua-Dong Xiong , Robert C. Wilson , Marcelo G. Mattar , Marcus K. Benna

Generative large language models (LLMs) have been shown to exhibit harmful biases and stereotypes. While safety fine-tuning typically takes place in English, if at all, these models are being used by speakers of many different languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Vera Neplenbroek , Arianna Bisazza , Raquel Fernández

Large language models (LLMs) can increase users' perceived trust by verbalizing confidence in their outputs. However, prior work has shown that LLMs are often overconfident, making their stated confidence unreliable since it does not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yuxi Xia , Loris Schoenegger , Benjamin Roth

Robust verbal confidence generated by large language models (LLMs) is crucial for the deployment of LLMs to help ensure transparency, trust, and safety in many applications, including those involving human-AI interactions. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Stephen Obadinma , Xiaodan Zhu

Based on the foundation of Large Language Models (LLMs), Multilingual LLMs (MLLMs) have been developed to address the challenges faced in multilingual natural language processing, hoping to achieve knowledge transfer from high-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yuemei Xu , Ling Hu , Jiayi Zhao , Zihan Qiu , Kexin XU , Yuqi Ye , Hanwen Gu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly important in natural language processing, enabling advanced data analytics through natural language queries. However, these models often generate "hallucinations"-inaccurate or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Mikhail Rumiantsau , Aliaksei Vertsel , Ilya Hrytsuk , Isaiah Ballah

Hallucinations in generative AI, particularly in Large Language Models (LLMs), pose a significant challenge to the reliability of multilingual applications. Existing benchmarks for hallucination detection focus primarily on English and a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Hanzhi Zhang , Sumera Anjum , Heng Fan , Weijian Zheng , Yan Huang , Yunhe Feng

Reliability of LLMs is questionable even as they get better at more tasks. A wider adoption of LLMs is contingent on whether they are usably factual. And if they are not, on whether they can properly calibrate their confidence in their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Sharad Duwal

Confidence calibration, the alignment of a model's predicted confidence with its actual accuracy, is crucial for the reliable deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, this critical property remains largely under-explored in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ej Zhou , Caiqi Zhang , Tiancheng Hu , Chengzu Li , Nigel Collier , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrates remarkable multilingual capabilities in natural language processing, attracting global attention in both academia and industry. To mitigate potential discrimination and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Kaiyu Huang , Fengran Mo , Xinyu Zhang , Hongliang Li , You Li , Yuanchi Zhang , Weijian Yi , Yulong Mao , Jinchen Liu , Yuzhuang Xu , Jinan Xu , Jian-Yun Nie , Yang Liu

The rapid advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has been accompanied by the development of various benchmarks to evaluate their capabilities. However, the true nature of these evaluations and the extent to which they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Botian Jiang , Lei Li , Xiaonan Li , Zhaowei Li , Xiachong Feng , Lingpeng Kong , Qi Liu , Xipeng Qiu

Large language models (LLMs) with Chain-of-thought (CoT) have recently emerged as a powerful technique for eliciting reasoning to improve various downstream tasks. As most research mainly focuses on English, with few explorations in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Huiyuan Lai , Malvina Nissim

The current fascination with large language models, or LLMs, derives from the fact that many users lack the expertise to evaluate the quality of the generated text. LLMs may therefore appear more capable than they actually are. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Eliza Mik

Multi-round incomplete information tasks are crucial for evaluating the lateral thinking capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Currently, research primarily relies on multiple benchmarks and automated evaluation metrics to assess…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Wenhan Dong , Tianyi Hu , Jingyi Zheng , Zhen Sun , Yuemeng Zhao , Yule Liu , Xinlei He , Xinyi Huang

Large language models (LLM) are generating information at a rapid pace, requiring users to increasingly rely and trust the data. Despite remarkable advances of LLM, Information generated by LLM is not completely trustworthy, due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Rick Rejeleene , Xiaowei Xu , John Talburt

Previous research has shown that LLMs have potential in multilingual NLG evaluation tasks. However, existing research has not fully explored the differences in the evaluation capabilities of LLMs across different languages. To this end,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jiayi Chang , Mingqi Gao , Xinyu Hu , Xiaojun Wan

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) can process many languages, yet how they internally represent this diversity remains unclear. Do they form shared multilingual representations with language-specific decoding, and if so, why does…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Abir Harrasse , Florent Draye , Punya Syon Pandey , Zhijing Jin , Bernhard Schölkopf

At the staggering pace with which the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) are increasing, creating future-proof evaluation sets to assess their understanding becomes more and more challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Xenia Ohmer , Elia Bruni , Dieuwke Hupkes

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable fluency and competence across various natural language tasks. However, recent research has highlighted their sensitivity to variations in input prompts. To deploy LLMs in a safe and reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Harsh Raj , Vipul Gupta , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have shown impressive performance in various tasks. However, LVLMs suffer from hallucination, which hinders their adoption in the real world. Existing studies emphasized that the strong language priors…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Zongyu Wu , Yuwei Niu , Hongcheng Gao , Minhua Lin , Zhiwei Zhang , Zhifang Zhang , Qi Shi , Yilong Wang , Sike Fu , Junjie Xu , Junjie Ao , Enyan Dai , Lei Feng , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang