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While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing methods, primarily relying on discrete input optimization (e.g., GCG), often suffer from high computational costs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Wenpeng Xing , Mohan Li , Chunqiang Hu , Haitao Xu , Ningyu Zhang , Bo Lin , Meng Han

Thinking mode has always been regarded as one of the most valuable modes in LLMs. However, we uncover a surprising and previously overlooked phenomenon: LLMs with thinking mode are more easily broken by Jailbreak attack. We evaluate 9 LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Fan Yang

Pluralism alignment with AI has the sophisticated and necessary goal of creating AI that can coexist with and serve morally multifaceted humanity. Research towards pluralism alignment has many efforts in enhancing the learning of large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ying Su , Mingen Zheng , Weili Diao , Haoran Li

While significant attention has been dedicated to exploiting weaknesses in LLMs through jailbreaking attacks, there remains a paucity of effort in defending against these attacks. We point out a pivotal factor contributing to the success of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhexin Zhang , Junxiao Yang , Pei Ke , Fei Mi , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Augmenting Large Language Models (LLMs) with image-understanding capabilities has resulted in a boom of high-performing Vision-Language models (VLMs). While studying the alignment of LLMs to human values has received widespread attention,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Georgios Pantazopoulos , Amit Parekh , Malvina Nikandrou , Alessandro Suglia

The inherent risk of generating harmful and unsafe content by Large Language Models (LLMs), has highlighted the need for their safety alignment. Various techniques like supervised fine-tuning, reinforcement learning from human feedback, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Kalyan Nakka , Nitesh Saxena

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), jailbreak attacks have become an increasingly pressing safety concern. While safety-aligned LLMs can effectively defend against normal harmful queries, they remain vulnerable to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Yu Li , Han Jiang , Zhihua Wei

Jailbreak attacks aim to bypass the LLMs' safeguards. While researchers have proposed different jailbreak attacks in depth, they have done so in isolation -- either with unaligned settings or comparing a limited range of methods. To fill…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Junjie Chu , Yugeng Liu , Ziqing Yang , Xinyue Shen , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

This paper focuses on jailbreaking attacks against large language models (LLMs), eliciting them to generate objectionable content in response to harmful user queries. Unlike previous LLM-jailbreak methods that directly orient to LLMs, our…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Haoxuan Ji , Zheng Lin , Zhenxing Niu , Xinbo Gao , Gang Hua

Although safely enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling various complex tasks in a zero-shot manner, they remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks, particularly the unknown jailbreak attack. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Fan Liu , Zhao Xu , Hao Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant utility in a wide range of applications; however, their deployment is plagued by security vulnerabilities, notably jailbreak attacks. These attacks manipulate LLMs to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Wenlong Meng , Fan Zhang , Wendao Yao , Zhenyuan Guo , Yuwei Li , Chengkun Wei , Wenzhi Chen

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into real-world applications such as code generation and chatbot assistance, extensive efforts have been made to align LLM behavior with human values, including safety.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Zhangchen Xu , Fengqing Jiang , Luyao Niu , Jinyuan Jia , Bill Yuchen Lin , Radha Poovendran

Despite being empowered with alignment mechanisms, large language models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to emerging jailbreak attacks that can compromise their alignment mechanisms. This vulnerability poses significant risks to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Shaoqing Zhang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Kehai Chen , Rongxiang Weng , Muyun Yang , Tiejun Zhao , Min Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are widely adapted for downstream applications through fine-tuning, a process named customization. However, recent studies have identified a vulnerability during this process, where malicious samples can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Xiaoqun Liu , Jiacheng Liang , Luoxi Tang , Muchao Ye , Weicheng Ma , Zhaohan Xi

Large Language Models increasingly power critical infrastructure from healthcare to finance, yet their vulnerability to adversarial manipulation threatens system integrity and user safety. Despite growing deployment, no comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Taiwo Onitiju , Iman Vakilinia

In this study, we disclose a worrying new vulnerability in Large Language Models (LLMs), which we term \textbf{involuntary jailbreak}. Unlike existing jailbreak attacks, this weakness is distinct in that it does not involve a specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yangyang Guo , Yangyan Li , Mohan Kankanhalli

Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly evaluated for robustness against paraphrased or semantically equivalent jailbreak prompts, yet little attention has been paid to linguistic variation as an attack surface. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Srikant Panda , Avinash Rai

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, encounter `jailbreak' challenges, wherein safeguards are circumvented to generate ethically harmful prompts. This study introduces a straightforward black-box method for efficiently crafting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Kazuhiro Takemoto

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) exhibit impressive performance, yet the integration of powerful vision encoders has significantly broadened their attack surface, rendering them increasingly susceptible to jailbreak attacks. However, lacking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jiaxin Song , Yixu Wang , Jie Li , Rui Yu , Yan Teng , Xingjun Ma , Yingchun Wang

Ensuring the safety and alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values is crucial for generating responses that are beneficial to humanity. While LLMs have the capability to identify and avoid harmful queries, they remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yihua Zhou , Xiaochuan Shi