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Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) offer new opportunities to create natural language interfaces for Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs), moving beyond rigid inputs. This paper addresses the challenge of mapping the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Marvin Seegert , Korbinian Moller , Johannes Betz

Recent reinforcement learning algorithms for task-oriented dialogue system absorbs a lot of interest. However, an unavoidable obstacle for training such algorithms is that annotated dialogue corpora are often unavailable. One of the popular…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Yutai Hou , Meng Fang , Wanxiang Che , Ting Liu

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems have been widely used by mobile phone intelligent assistants to accomplish tasks such as calendar scheduling or hotel reservation. Current TOD systems usually focus on multi-turn text/speech interaction,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Liangtai Sun , Xingyu Chen , Lu Chen , Tianle Dai , Zichen Zhu , Kai Yu

Enhancing user engagement through interactions plays an essential role in socially-driven dialogues. While prior works have optimized models to reason over relevant knowledge or plan a dialogue act flow, the relationship between user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Jiashuo Wang , Kaitao Song , Chunpu Xu , Changhe Song , Yang Xiao , Dongsheng Li , Lili Qiu , Wenjie Li

Dialogue systems are usually categorized into two types, open-domain and task-oriented. The first one focuses on chatting with users and making them engage in the conversations, where selecting a proper topic to fit the dialogue context is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Ssu Chiu , Maolin Li , Yen-Ting Lin , Yun-Nung Chen

Task-Oriented Dialogue (TOD) systems have become crucial components in interactive artificial intelligence applications. While recent advances have capitalized on pre-trained language models (PLMs), they exhibit limitations regarding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Sungryull Sohn , Yiwei Lyu , Anthony Liu , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Dong-Ki Kim , Dongsub Shim , Honglak Lee

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate coherent text, they often struggle to recognise user intent behind queries. In contrast, Natural Language Understanding (NLU) models interpret the purpose and key information of user input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yan Li , So-Eon Kim , Seong-Bae Park , Soyeon Caren Han

User simulators serve as the critical interactive environment for agent post-training, and an ideal user simulator generalizes across domains and proactively engages in negotiation by challenging or bargaining. However, current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Feng Zhang , Shijia Li , Chunmao Zhang , Zhanyu Ma , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Jingwen Xu , Han Liu

Training dialog policies for speech-based virtual assistants requires a plethora of conversational data. The data collection phase is often expensive and time consuming due to human involvement. To address this issue, a common solution is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Maryam Fazel-Zarandi , Longshaokan Wang , Aditya Tiwari , Spyros Matsoukas

Ensuring the safety and reliability of large language models (LLMs) in clinical practice is critical to prevent patient harm. However, LLMs are advancing so rapidly that static benchmarks quickly become obsolete or prone to overfitting,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on many reasoning benchmarks, yet these evaluations typically focus on isolated tasks that differ from real-world usage in task-oriented dialogue (TOD). In this setting, LLMs must…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Ivan Kartáč , Mateusz Lango , Ondřej Dušek

While most task-oriented dialogues assume conversations between the agent and one user at a time, dialogue systems are increasingly expected to communicate with multiple users simultaneously who make decisions collaboratively. To facilitate…

Task-oriented dialog (TOD) systems facilitate users in accomplishing complex, multi-turn tasks through natural language. While instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on a range of single-turn NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Moghis Fereidouni , Md Sajid Ahmed , Adib Mosharrof , A. B. Siddique

Many studies have applied reinforcement learning to train a dialog policy and show great promise these years. One common approach is to employ a user simulator to obtain a large number of simulated user experiences for reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Ryuichi Takanobu , Runze Liang , Minlie Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are powerful dialogue agents, but specializing them towards fulfilling a specific function can be challenging. Instructing tuning, i.e. tuning models on instruction and sample responses generated by humans…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Dennis Ulmer , Elman Mansimov , Kaixiang Lin , Justin Sun , Xibin Gao , Yi Zhang

This paper explores SynTOD, a new synthetic data generation approach for developing end-to-end Task-Oriented Dialogue (TOD) Systems capable of handling complex tasks such as intent classification, slot filling, conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Chris Samarinas , Pracha Promthaw , Atharva Nijasure , Hansi Zeng , Julian Killingback , Hamed Zamani

Data scarcity is one of the main problems when it comes to real-world applications of transformer-based models. This is especially evident for task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems, which require specialized datasets, that are usually not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sebastian Steindl , Ulrich Schäfer , Bernd Ludwig

We are witnessing a bloom of AI-powered software driven by Large Language Models (LLMs). Although the applications of these LLMs are impressive and seemingly countless, their unreliability hinders adoption. In fact, the tendency of LLMs to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Vincenzo Scotti , Jan Keim , Tobias Hey , Andreas Metzger , Anne Koziolek , Raffaela Mirandola

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems are experiencing a revolution driven by Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the evaluation methodologies for these systems remain insufficient for their growing sophistication. While traditional automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Emre Can Acikgoz , Carl Guo , Suvodip Dey , Akul Datta , Takyoung Kim , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

How to build and use dialogue data efficiently, and how to deploy models in different domains at scale can be two critical issues in building a task-oriented dialogue system. In this paper, we propose a novel manual-guided dialogue scheme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Ryuichi Takanobu , Hao Zhou , Yankai Lin , Peng Li , Jie Zhou , Minlie Huang