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One of the major impediments to the development of new task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems is the need for human evaluation at multiple stages and iterations of the development process. In an effort to move toward automated evaluation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Sam Davidson , Salvatore Romeo , Raphael Shu , James Gung , Arshit Gupta , Saab Mansour , Yi Zhang

Dialogue policy optimisation via reinforcement learning requires a large number of training interactions, which makes learning with real users time consuming and expensive. Many set-ups therefore rely on a user simulator instead of humans.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Hsien-chin Lin , Nurul Lubis , Songbo Hu , Carel van Niekerk , Christian Geishauser , Michael Heck , Shutong Feng , Milica Gašić

Evaluation is crucial in the development process of task-oriented dialogue systems. As an evaluation method, user simulation allows us to tackle issues such as scalability and cost-efficiency, making it a viable choice for large-scale…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Weiwei Sun , Shuo Zhang , Krisztian Balog , Zhaochun Ren , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Maarten de Rijke

Task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems are designed to help users achieve specific goals through natural language interaction. While recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved linguistic fluency and contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Shutong Feng , Hsien-chin Lin , Nurul Lubis , Carel van Niekerk , Michael Heck , Benjamin Ruppik , Renato Vukovic , Milica Gašić

Task-oriented dialogue systems are essential for applications ranging from customer service to personal assistants and are widely used across various industries. However, developing effective multi-domain systems remains a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Aman Gupta , Anirudh Ravichandran , Ziji Zhang , Swair Shah , Anurag Beniwal , Narayanan Sadagopan

Traditionally, offline datasets have been used to evaluate task-oriented dialogue (TOD) models. These datasets lack context awareness, making them suboptimal benchmarks for conversational systems. In contrast, user-agents, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Taaha Kazi , Ruiliang Lyu , Sizhe Zhou , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Gokhan Tur

Robust task-oriented spoken dialogue agents require exposure to the full diversity of how people interact through speech. Building spoken user simulators that address this requires large-scale spoken task-oriented dialogue (TOD) data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jonggeun Lee , Junseong Pyo , Jeongmin Park , Yohan Jo

User Simulators play a pivotal role in training and evaluating task-oriented dialogue systems. Traditional user simulators typically rely on human-engineered agendas, resulting in generated responses that often lack diversity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xiang Luo , Zhiwen Tang , Jin Wang , Xuejie Zhang

In light of recent advances in large language models (LLMs), the expectations for the next generation of virtual assistants include enhanced naturalness and adaptability across diverse usage scenarios. However, the creation of high-quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yinhong Liu , Yimai Fang , David Vandyke , Nigel Collier

Existing user simulators (USs) for task-oriented dialogue systems only model user behaviour on semantic and natural language levels without considering the user persona and emotions. Optimising dialogue systems with generic user policies,…

The performance of a task-completion dialogue agent usually affects the user experience: when the conversation system yields an unreasonable response, users may feel dissatisfied. Besides, early termination often occurs in disappointing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Rui Zhang , Kai Yin , Li Li

Task-oriented dialogue systems have been plagued by the difficulties of obtaining large-scale and high-quality annotated conversations. Furthermore, most of the publicly available datasets only include written conversations, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Xin Tian , Xinxian Huang , Dongfeng He , Yingzhan Lin , Siqi Bao , Huang He , Liankai Huang , Qiang Ju , Xiyuan Zhang , Jian Xie , Shuqi Sun , Fan Wang , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

The emergence of instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) has advanced the field of dialogue systems, enabling both realistic user simulations and robust multi-turn conversational agents. However, existing research often evaluates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Chalamalasetti Kranti , Sherzod Hakimov , David Schlangen

This paper presents a novel application of large language models in user simulation for task-oriented dialog systems, specifically focusing on an in-context learning approach. By harnessing the power of these models, the proposed approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Silvia Terragni , Modestas Filipavicius , Nghia Khau , Bruna Guedes , André Manso , Roland Mathis

Dialogue systems and large language models (LLMs) have gained considerable attention. However, the direct utilization of LLMs as task-oriented dialogue (TOD) models has been found to underperform compared to smaller task-specific models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Zhiyuan Hu , Yue Feng , Anh Tuan Luu , Bryan Hooi , Aldo Lipani

Task-Oriented Dialogue (TOD) systems are drawing more and more attention in recent studies. Current methods focus on constructing pre-trained models or fine-tuning strategies while the evaluation of TOD is limited by a policy mismatch…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Qinyuan Cheng , Linyang Li , Guofeng Quan , Feng Gao , Xiaofeng Mou , Xipeng Qiu

We describe a system for building task-oriented dialogue systems combining the in-context learning abilities of large language models (LLMs) with the deterministic execution of business logic. LLMs are used to translate between the surface…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Tom Bocklisch , Thomas Werkmeister , Daksh Varshneya , Alan Nichol

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems enable users to achieve their goals through natural language interactions. Traditionally, these systems have relied on turn-level manually annotated metadata, such as dialogue states and policy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Adib Mosharrof , A. B. Siddique

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) system is designed to accomplish user-defined tasks through dialogues. The TOD system has progressed towards end-to-end modeling by leveraging pre-trained large language models. Fine-tuning the pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Dharmendra Prajapat , Durga Toshniwal

We introduce end-to-end neural network based models for simulating users of task-oriented dialogue systems. User simulation in dialogue systems is crucial from two different perspectives: (i) automatic evaluation of different dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Izzeddin Gur , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Gokhan Tur , Pararth Shah
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