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Large language models (LLMs) have garnered increasing attention owing to their powerful logical reasoning capabilities. Generally, larger LLMs (L-LLMs) that require paid interfaces exhibit significantly superior performance compared to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Dong Chen , Shilin Zhang , Fei Gao , Yueting Zhuang , Siliang Tang , Qidong Liu , Mingliang Xu

Knowledge distillation from large language models (LLMs) assumes that the teacher's output distribution is a high-quality training signal. On reasoning tasks, this assumption is frequently violated. A model's intermediate representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Ryan Brown , Chris Russell

Capability distillation applies knowledge distillation to selected model capabilities, aiming to compress a large language model (LLM) into a smaller one while preserving the abilities needed for a downstream task. However, most existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xueqi Cheng , Xugui Zhou , Tyler Derr , Yushun Dong

Knowledge distillation has emerged as an effective strategy for compressing large language models' (LLMs) knowledge into smaller, more efficient student models. However, standard one-shot distillation methods often produce suboptimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Kushal Jain , Piyushi Goyal , Kumar Shridhar

This paper studies the problem of pre-training for small models, which is essential for many mobile devices. Current state-of-the-art methods on this problem transfer the representational knowledge of a large network (as a Teacher) into a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Mingsheng Li , Lin Zhang , Mingzhen Zhu , Zilong Huang , Gang Yu , Jiayuan Fan , Tao Chen

Distilling robust reasoning capabilities from large language models (LLMs) into smaller, computationally efficient student models remains an unresolved challenge. Despite recent advances, distilled models frequently suffer from superficial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zhen Tan , Chengshuai Zhao , Song Wang , Jundong Li , Tianlong Chen , Huan Liu

Small language models (SLMs) are crucial for applications with strict latency and computational constraints, yet achieving high performance remains challenging. Knowledge distillation (KD) can transfer capabilities from large teacher…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jingyu Peng , Maolin Wang , Hengyi Cai , Yuchen Li , Kai Zhang , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xiangyu Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, these models are often difficult to deploy due to significant computational requirements and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Vijay Goyal , Mustafa Khan , Aprameya Tirupati , Harveer Saini , Michael Lam , Kevin Zhu

Knowledge distillation (KD) is a common approach to compress a teacher model to reduce its inference cost and memory footprint, by training a smaller student model. However, in the context of autoregressive language models (LMs), we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Qihuang Zhong , Liang Ding , Li Shen , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

While large language models (LLMs) excel in various natural language processing tasks, their huge size and the inaccessibility of parameters present challenges for practical deployment. Previous studies try to distill task-specific ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Xuekai Zhu , Biqing Qi , Kaiyan Zhang , Xinwei Long , Zhouhan Lin , Bowen Zhou

A recent trend in Natural Language Processing is the exponential growth in Language Model (LM) size, which prevents research groups without a necessary hardware infrastructure from participating in the development process. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Jan Philip Wahle

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to grow in both capability and cost, transferring frontier capabilities into smaller, deployable students has become a central engineering problem, and knowledge distillation remains the dominant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Mingyang Song , Mao Zheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) can transfer their reasoning skills to smaller models by teaching them to generate the intermediate reasoning process required to solve multistep reasoning tasks. While LLMs can accurately solve reasoning tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Shivam Adarsh , Kumar Shridhar , Caglar Gulcehre , Nicholas Monath , Mrinmaya Sachan

In many practical applications, large language models (LLMs) need to acquire new knowledge not present in their pre-training data. Efficiently leveraging this knowledge usually relies on supervised fine-tuning or retrieval-augmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Kalle Kujanpää , Pekka Marttinen , Harri Valpola , Alexander Ilin

Edge devices operate in constrained and varying resource settings, requiring dynamic architectures that can adapt to limitations of the available resources. To meet such demands, layer dropping ($\mathcal{LD}$) approach is typically used to…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Abdul Hannan , Daniele Falavigna , Shah Nawaz , Mubashir Noman , Markus Schedl , Alessio Brutti

The success of Large Language Models (LLMs) has inspired the development of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) for unified understanding of vision and language. However, the increasing model size and computational complexity of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Yuxuan Cai , Jiangning Zhang , Haoyang He , Xinwei He , Ao Tong , Zhenye Gan , Chengjie Wang , Zhucun Xue , Yong Liu , Xiang Bai

Knowledge distillation is often used to transfer knowledge from a strong teacher model to a relatively weak student model. Traditional methods include response-based methods and feature-based methods. Response-based methods are widely used…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Hao Sun , Xiao Liu , Yeyun Gong , Anlei Dong , Jingwen Lu , Yan Zhang , Linjun Yang , Rangan Majumder , Nan Duan

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential for data annotation, markedly reducing the labor costs associated with downstream applications. However, existing methods mostly adopt an aggressive strategy by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Mingxuan Xia , Haobo Wang , Yixuan Li , Zewei Yu , Jindong Wang , Junbo Zhao , Runze Wu

This work addresses the challenge of democratizing advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) by compressing their mathematical reasoning capabilities into sub-billion parameter Small Language Models (SLMs) without compromising performance. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Xunyu Zhu , Jian Li , Yong Liu , Can Ma , Weiping Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks. However, their enormous parameter size and extremely high requirements for compute power pose challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Bohao Yang , Chen Tang , Kun Zhao , Chenghao Xiao , Chenghua Lin