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This survey reviews how large language models (LLMs) are transforming synthetic training data generation in both natural language and code domains. By producing artificial but task-relevant examples, these models can significantly augment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Mihai Nadas , Laura Diosan , Andreea Tomescu

Fine-tuning for large language models (LLMs) typically requires substantial amounts of high-quality supervised data, which is both costly and labor-intensive to acquire. While synthetic data generation has emerged as a promising solution,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Zihong Chen , Wanli Jiang , Jinzhe Li , Zhonghang Yuan , Huanjun Kong , Wanli Ouyang , Nanqing Dong

Instruction tuning is a vital step of training large language models (LLMs), so how to enhance the effect of instruction tuning has received increased attention. Existing works indicate that the quality of the dataset is more crucial than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Bolin Zhang , Jiahao Wang , Qianlong Du , Jiajun Zhang , Zhiying Tu , Dianhui Chu

Instruction tuning has optimized the specialized capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but it often requires extensive datasets and prolonged training times. The challenge lies in developing specific capabilities by identifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Run Zou , Jianhang Ding , Yifan Ding , Wen Wu , Hao Chen , Renshu Gu

The pursuit of diverse, complex, and large-scale instruction data is crucial for automatically aligning large language models (LLMs). While there are methods capable of generating synthetic instructions at scale, they either suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chiwei Zhu , Benfeng Xu , Xiaorui Wang , Zhendong Mao

This study demonstrates the application of instruction finetuning of pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs) to automate the generation of AI research leaderboards, extracting (Task, Dataset, Metric, Score) quadruples from articles. It aims…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Salomon Kabongo , Jennifer D'Souza

Synthetic data has become a pivotal resource in post-training tasks for large language models (LLMs) due to the scarcity of high-quality, specific data. While various methods have been developed to generate synthetic data, there remains a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Zeyu Gan , Yong Liu

Data annotation and synthesis generally refers to the labeling or generating of raw data with relevant information, which could be used for improving the efficacy of machine learning models. The process, however, is labor-intensive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Zhen Tan , Dawei Li , Song Wang , Alimohammad Beigi , Bohan Jiang , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Mansooreh Karami , Jundong Li , Lu Cheng , Huan Liu

Large language models (LLMs) hold the promise of solving diverse tasks when provided with appropriate natural language prompts. However, prompting often leads models to make predictions with lower accuracy compared to finetuning a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Chenyang Zhao , Xueying Jia , Vijay Viswanathan , Tongshuang Wu , Graham Neubig

Large "instruction-tuned" language models (i.e., finetuned to respond to instructions) have demonstrated a remarkable ability to generalize zero-shot to new tasks. Nevertheless, they depend heavily on human-written instruction data that is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Yizhong Wang , Yeganeh Kordi , Swaroop Mishra , Alisa Liu , Noah A. Smith , Daniel Khashabi , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Prompting Large Language Models (LLMs), or providing context on the expected model of operation, is an effective way to steer the outputs of such models to satisfy human desiderata after they have been trained. But in rapidly evolving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Younwoo Choi , Muhammad Adil Asif , Ziwen Han , John Willes , Rahul G. Krishnan

A common and effective means for improving language model capabilities involves finetuning a ``student'' language model's parameters on generations from a more proficient ``teacher'' model. Termed ``synthetic data'', these generations are…

Synthetic data has been proposed as a solution to address the issue of high-quality data scarcity in the training of large language models (LLMs). Studies have shown that synthetic data can effectively improve the performance of LLMs on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Jie Chen , Yupeng Zhang , Bingning Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen , Weipeng Chen

We present Dynamic Skill Adaptation (DSA), an adaptive and dynamic framework to adapt novel and complex skills to Large Language Models (LLMs). Compared with previous work which learns from human-curated and static data in random orders, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Jiaao Chen , Diyi Yang

Using in-context learning (ICL) for data generation, techniques such as Self-Instruct (Wang et al., 2023) or the follow-up Alpaca (Taori et al., 2023) can train strong conversational agents with only a small amount of human supervision. One…

While "instruction-tuned" generative large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated an impressive ability to generalize to new tasks, the training phases heavily rely on large amounts of diverse and high-quality instruction data (such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Jianyi Zhang , Saeed Vahidian , Martin Kuo , Chunyuan Li , Ruiyi Zhang , Tong Yu , Yufan Zhou , Guoyin Wang , Yiran Chen

Synthetic data has the potential to improve the performance, training efficiency, and privacy of real training examples. Nevertheless, existing approaches for synthetic text generation are mostly heuristics and cannot generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Dang Nguyen , Zeman Li , Mohammadhossein Bateni , Vahab Mirrokni , Meisam Razaviyayn , Baharan Mirzasoleiman

Instruction tuning is a crucial technique for aligning language models with humans' actual goals in the real world. Extensive research has highlighted the quality of instruction data is essential for the success of this alignment. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Chenglin Li , Qianglong Chen , Zhi Li , Feng Tao , Yicheng Li , Hao Chen , Fei Yu , Yin Zhang

Instruction tuning for large language models (LLMs) has gained attention from researchers due to its ability to unlock the potential of LLMs in following instructions. While instruction tuning offers advantages for facilitating the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Hao Chen , Yiming Zhang , Qi Zhang , Hantao Yang , Xiaomeng Hu , Xuetao Ma , Yifan Yanggong , Junbo Zhao

Graphs with abundant attributes are essential in modeling interconnected entities and enhancing predictions across various real-world applications. Traditional Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) often require re-training for different graph tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yanchao Tan , Hang Lv , Pengxiang Zhan , Shiping Wang , Carl Yang