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Estimating treatment effects is of great importance for many biomedical applications with observational data. Particularly, interpretability of the treatment effects is preferable for many biomedical researchers. In this paper, we first…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-28 Kan Chen , Qishuo Yin , Qi Long

Time-to-event outcomes are commonly used as primary endpoints in randomized clinical trials. Despite this, relatively little work incorporates baseline covariate information while also accounting for stratified randomization, a common form…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-01 Raphael C. Kim , Brian Gilbert , Ramin Zabih , Michele Santacatterina , Ivan Diaz

The purpose of this work is to improve the efficiency in estimating the average causal effect (ACE) on the survival scale where right-censoring exists and high-dimensional covariate information is available. We propose new estimators using…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-29 Ran Dai , Cheng Zheng , Mei-Jie Zhang

We consider estimation of a linear functional of the treatment effect using adaptively collected data. This task finds a variety of applications including the off-policy evaluation (\textsf{OPE}) in contextual bandits, and estimation of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-21 Jeonghwan Lee , Cong Ma

In this article, we propose the outcome-adjusted balance measure to perform model selection for the generalized propensity score (GPS), which serves as an essential component in estimation of the pairwise average treatment effects (ATEs) in…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-28 Honghe Zhao , Shu Yang

When analyzing data from randomized clinical trials, covariate adjustment can be used to account for chance imbalance in baseline covariates and to increase precision of the treatment effect estimate. A practical barrier to covariate…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-04 Chia-Rui Chang , Yue Song , Fan Li , Rui Wang

When estimating causal effects, it is important to assess external validity, i.e., determine how useful a given study is to inform a practical question for a specific target population. One challenge is that the covariate distribution in…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-03 Zhenghao Zeng , Edward H. Kennedy , Lisa M. Bodnar , Ashley I. Naimi

When estimating causal effects from observational data with numerous covariates, employing penalized covariate selection can improve the estimation efficiency. Outcome-oriented covariate selection, which involves selecting covariates…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-14 Wataru Hongo , Shuji Ando , Jun Tsuchida , Takashi Sozu

Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) is a popular method for estimating the average treatment effect (ATE). However, empirical studies show that the IPTW estimators can be sensitive to the misspecification of the propensity…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-04 Jianqing Fan , Kosuke Imai , Inbeom Lee , Han Liu , Yang Ning , Xiaolin Yang

We revisit the problem of estimating the local average treatment effect (LATE) and the local average treatment effect on the treated (LATT) when control variables are available, either to render the instrumental variable (IV) suitably…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-11-16 Tymon Słoczyński , S. Derya Uysal , Jeffrey M. Wooldridge

Causal inference methods for treatment effect estimation usually assume independent units. However, this assumption is often questionable because units may interact, resulting in spillover effects between them. We develop augmented inverse…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-08 Corinne Emmenegger , Meta-Lina Spohn , Timon Elmer , Peter Bühlmann

Reducing the variance of the gradient estimator is known to improve the convergence rate of stochastic gradient-based optimization and sampling algorithms. One way of achieving variance reduction is to design importance sampling strategies.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Ayoub El Hanchi , David A. Stephens

There is growing interest in exploring causal effects in target populations via data combination. However, most approaches are tailored to specific settings and lack comprehensive comparative analyses. In this article, we focus on a typical…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-17 Peng Wu , Shanshan Luo , Zhi Geng

Covariate-adaptive randomization is widely used in clinical trials to balance prognostic factors, and regression adjustments are often adopted to further enhance the estimation and inference efficiency. In practice, the covariates may…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-15 Wanjia Fu , Yingying Ma , Hanzhong Liu

This paper constructs a doubly robust estimator for continuous dose-response estimation. An outcome regression model is augmented with a set of inverse generalized propensity score covariates to correct for potential misspecification bias.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-06-17 Daniel J. Graham , Emma J. McCoy , David A. Stephens

In clinical trials, there is potential to improve precision and reduce the required sample size by appropriately adjusting for baseline variables in the statistical analysis. This is called covariate adjustment. Despite recommendations by…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-20 Kelly Van Lancker , Joshua Betz , Michael Rosenblum

The increasing prevalence of rich sources of data and the availability of electronic medical record databases and electronic registries opens tremendous opportunities for enhancing medical research. For example, controlled trials are…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-09-23 Liwen Ouyang , Daniel W. Apley , Sanjay Mehrotra

We study the probability tail properties of Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) estimators of the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) when there is limited overlap between the covariate distributions of the treatment and control groups. Under…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-12 Jonathan B. Hill , Saraswata Chaudhuri

Covariate adjustment can improve precision in analyzing randomized experiments. With fully observed data, regression adjustment and propensity score weighting are asymptotically equivalent in improving efficiency over unadjusted analysis.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-06 Anqi Zhao , Peng Ding , Fan Li

We consider estimation of average treatment effects given observational data with high-dimensional pretreatment variables. Existing methods for this problem typically assume some form of sparsity for the regression functions. In this work,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-12 Yuhao Wang , Rajen D. Shah