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This paper is concerned with online time series forecasting, where unknown distribution shifts occur over time, i.e., latent variables influence the mapping from historical to future observations. To develop an automated way of online time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zijian Li , Changze Zhou , Minghao Fu , Sanjay Manjunath , Fan Feng , Guangyi Chen , Yingyao Hu , Ruichu Cai , Kun Zhang

Multivariate time series forecasting plays a crucial role in various real-world applications. Significant efforts have been made to integrate advanced network architectures and training strategies that enhance the capture of temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Zhiding Liu , Jiqian Yang , Qingyang Mao , Yuze Zhao , Mingyue Cheng , Zhi Li , Qi Liu , Enhong Chen

Temporal non-stationarity, the phenomenon that time series distributions change over time, poses fundamental challenges to reliable time series forecasting. Intuitively, the complex time series can be decomposed into two factors, \ie…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Mingyuan Xia , Chunxu Zhang , Zijian Zhang , Hao Miao , Qidong Liu , Yuanshao Zhu , Bo Yang

Transformers have shown great power in time series forecasting due to their global-range modeling ability. However, their performance can degenerate terribly on non-stationary real-world data in which the joint distribution changes over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Yong Liu , Haixu Wu , Jianmin Wang , Mingsheng Long

Long-term forecasting of multivariate urban data poses a significant challenge due to the complex spatiotemporal dependencies inherent in such datasets. This paper presents DST, a novel multivariate time-series forecasting model that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Amirhossein Sohrabbeig , Omid Ardakanian , Petr Musilek

Urban spatio-temporal (ST) forecasting is crucial for various urban applications such as intelligent scheduling and trip planning. Previous studies focus on modeling ST correlations among urban locations in offline settings, which often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Chengxin Wang , Gary Tan , Swagato Barman Roy , Beng Chin Ooi

Transformer-based models have emerged as powerful tools for multivariate time series forecasting (MTSF). However, existing Transformer models often fall short of capturing both intricate dependencies across variate and temporal dimensions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Juncheng Liu , Chenghao Liu , Gerald Woo , Yiwei Wang , Bryan Hooi , Caiming Xiong , Doyen Sahoo

We introduce an extension of finite mixture models by incorporating skew-normal distributions within a Hidden Markov Model framework. By assuming a constant transition probability matrix and allowing emission distributions to vary according…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-25 Andrea Nigri , Marco Forti , Han Lin Shang

In this paper, we exploit a diagonally dominant structure for the decentralized stabilization of unknown nonlinear time-delayed networks. To this end, we first introduce a novel generalization of virtual contraction analysis to diagonally…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-23 Yu Kawano , Zhiyong Sun

We introduce a new predictive mechanism that operates in the presence of hidden confounding across distributionally diverse data sources while ensuring consistent estimation of causal parameters-despite their recognized suboptimality for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-04-01 Carlos García Meixide , David Ríos Insua

The generative adversarial networks (GANs) have recently been applied to estimating the distribution of independent and identically distributed data, and have attracted a lot of research attention. In this paper, we use the blocking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Jianya Lu , Yingjun Mo , Zhijie Xiao , Lihu Xu , Qiuran Yao

Distribution shifts between training and test data are inevitable over the lifecycle of a deployed model, leading to performance decay. Adapting a model on test samples can help mitigate this drop in performance. However, most test-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mona Schirmer , Dan Zhang , Eric Nalisnick

We introduce a new version of deep state-space models (DSSMs) that combines a recurrent neural network with a state-space framework to forecast time series data. The model estimates the observed series as functions of latent variables that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-20 Haoxuan Wu , David S. Matteson , Martin T. Wells

Non-stationary environments are challenging for reinforcement learning algorithms. If the state transition and/or reward functions change based on latent factors, the agent is effectively tasked with optimizing a behavior that maximizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Lucas N. Alegre , Ana L. C. Bazzan , Bruno C. da Silva

While most time series are non-stationary, it is inevitable for models to face the distribution shift issue in time series forecasting. Existing solutions manipulate statistical measures (usually mean and std.) to adjust time series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Wei Fan , Kun Yi , Hangting Ye , Zhiyuan Ning , Qi Zhang , Ning An

On-device adapting to continual, unpredictable domain shifts is essential for mobile applications like autonomous driving and augmented reality to deliver seamless user experiences in evolving environments. Test-time adaptation (TTA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Cheng Fang , Sicong Liu , Zimu Zhou , Bin Guo , Jiaqi Tang , Ke Ma , Zhiwen Yu

Most environmental phenomena, such as wind profiles, ozone concentration and sunlight distribution under a forest canopy, exhibit nonstationary dynamics i.e. phenomenon variation change depending on the location and time of occurrence.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Sahil Garg , Amarjeet Singh , Fabio Ramos

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) aims to improve the prediction performance in the target domain under distribution shifts from the source domain. The key principle of UDA is to minimize the divergence between the source and the target…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-17 JoonHo Lee , Gyemin Lee

Real-world time series forecasting faces the fundamental challenge of non-stationary statistical properties, including shifts in mean and variance over time. While reversible instance normalization (RevIN) has shown promise by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yingbo Zhou , Yutong Ye , Shuhao Li , Rui Qian , Qiang Huang , Lemao Liu , Li Sun , Dejing Dou

Real-world time series exhibit temporally structured uncertainty: volatility clusters in turbulent regimes, dissipates in stable periods, and shifts abruptly around structural breaks. Yet many probabilistic forecasting methods estimate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yijun Wang , Qiyuan Zhuang , Xiu-Shen Wei